Prevalence of social phobia among university students and sociodemographic factors associated with it A cross-sectional study from Perak, Malaysia
Bibliographic record
Abstract
Introduction: Social phobia, or social anxiety disorder (SAD), is a psychiatric condition marked by an intense fear of social interactions and the worry of being judged or evaluated by others. It ranks as the third most commonly reported mental health disorder, impacting one's self-esteem and perception of their body. It usually begins in early adulthood, especially among college or university students, impacting academic achievement, social abilities, and overall well-being. This study aimed to find the prevalence of social phobia and the key demographic factors associated with it. Methods: A total of 305 students from the foundation, diploma, degree, and postgraduate courses, aged between 18-30 years participated in this study. The Social Phobia Inventory (SPIN) questionnaire was used to assess social phobia. Results: The majority of the students were in the age group of 18-24 years (70.8%), female students were 59%, Malaysian 86.9%, and non-medical participants comprised 76.4%. Females had significantly higher levels of social phobia compared with males. The other factors, like nationality, faculty, and level of education, were found insignificant. Conclusion: The research reveals that females had significantly higher social phobia, highlighting the need for further investigation into the complex interplay of biological, psychological, and societal factors. Understanding these relationships can help to develop effective prevention and intervention strategies for different gender groups, thereby addressing social phobia's prevalence and impact on individuals' lives. Keywords Education, factors, females, phobia, prevalence, social, students
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.002 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".