Influence of cashew leaf ash as partial replacement for cement on the properties of fresh and hardened concrete
Bibliographic record
Abstract
Agricultural waste products generation are on the increase globally due to increase in agricultural activities to tackle food insecurity. However, the effective management of such waste remains a great challenge as the conventional disposal methods (open burning, landfilling and incineration) are becoming environmental threat. Thus, the Cashew Leaf Ash (CLA) effects as partial substitute for Portland cement (PC) on concrete properties was evaluated in this study. CLA was characterized through X-ray fluorescence analysis to ascertain its chemical composition. PC was substituted with 0 (control), 5, 10, 15, 20 and 25% CLA to produce six concrete batches of targeted design strength for grade 20 concrete. Fresh concrete was tested for slump and compacting factor to determine its workability. Furthermore, hardened concrete properties (density, compressive, split tensile and flexural strengths and water absorption) were investigated. The results revealed that CLA meets the requirements for application as supplementary cementitious material based on its chemical compositions. The workability and density declined with increase in CLA addition. The compressive, split tensile and flexural strengths of concrete containing CLA gradually decreased as the CLA contents with the exception of concrete with 5% CLA which showed higher strengths than the control at 90 days. The water absorption increased with increase in CLA addition but concrete with up to 5% CLA is within the permissible limit specified for good concrete. Furthermore, the proposed models from the experimental results were found to accurately predict the properties of CLA concrete when compared with the empirical models from selected codes. It was established that the optimum substitution of 5% CLA in PC is eco-efficient in concrete production.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.001 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".