Acculturation in Canada : the use of traditional medicine among Ghanaians in the Greater Toronto Area
Bibliographic record
Abstract
This thesis examines Ghanaian immigrants in the Greater Toronto Area (Canada), considering how acculturation was related to attitudes and usage of Traditional Medicine (TM). A total of 512 questionnaire interviews were conducted in addition to three focus groups of nine participants each. Both quantitative and qualitative methods were and frequencies, percentages and simple chi-square were used to analyse the quantitative data while “content analysis” was used to analyse the qualitative data. Five mains hypotheses were tested, that: 1) Ghanaians have a general positive attitude toward TM; 2) there is not significant relationship between Ghanaians who were born in Ghana and those who were born in Canada; 3) there will be a significant difference between Ghanaians who have lived longer in Canada and those who have lived shorter; 4) there will be no significant change in the attitudes and opinions of Ghanaians as a result of their staying in Canada; 5) there will be significant differences in attitude change toward TM between Ghanaians in terms of educational and income levels, age, gender and marital status. Ghanaians have positive attitudes toward TM, and they operate within a ‘Personalistic Medical System’. There was no relationship between variation in attitude toward TM and sex, age, marital status and place of birth. However, there was a relationship between change in attitude toward TM and level of income, educational, ethnic group, religion, and number of years in Canada. In terms of acculturation (more in line with ‘inculturation’), Ghanaians have been pursuing “integration” and “assimilation” . There is no evidence to suggest that traditional beliefs have been undermined to such an extent that there is a change in attitude toward TM.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.002 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.001 | 0.002 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.005 | 0.002 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.003 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".