AFRICAN DEVELOPMENT AND GLOBAL GOVERNANCE: CANADIAN AND EUROPEAN CONTRIBUTIONS TO HUMAN DEVELOPMENT/SECURITY AT THE TURN OF THE CENTURY
Bibliographic record
Abstract
perspectives européenne et canadienne- Montréal, le 12 novembre 2001. ‘The new millennium has not blessed Africa. ’ (IISS 2001: 223) ‘Close to a fifth of the continent’s people now live in countries disrupted by wars and civil unrest that inflict enormous costs on these economies. ’ (ADB 2000: 23) ‘What needs to be recognized is that the African state is not failing as much as our understanding of the state. ’ (Dunn 2001b: 49) ‘…it is an enormous mistake to marginalize Africa…the continent exists at the center of various paradigms and discourses generally ignored by traditional IR. For example, Africa exists in the privileged center of global discourses on the environment, migration flows, biodiversity, ecology, gender, human security, land mines, development, NGOs, IFIs, and SAPs. While Africa may be marginal to the world’s legitimate trade, it is central to illegal global trade in drugs, arms, and ivory. ’ (Dunn 2001a: 3) ‘Expect a more African Africa in 1999. The continent will look to its own resources as it tries to fend off the effects of global recession and patch up its turbulent regional alliances. There is little choice – the bail-outs of Asia and Russia mean that the international agencies will be cutting back on Africa’s share
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.003 | 0.003 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.003 | 0.006 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.012 | 0.014 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.012 | 0.005 |
| Open science | 0.001 | 0.004 |
| Research integrity | 0.003 | 0.004 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.011 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".