BEHAVIOUR AND DESIGN OF STRENGTHENED BUILT-UP HYBRID STEEL COLUMNS
Bibliographic record
Abstract
Steel bridges designed before the mid-1950s may be deficient according to current design code requirements and thereby require strengthening. This thesis explores the responses of W-shaped compression members, such as existing columns, bents, bracing or truss members, reinforced at the flanges by new steel cover plates. The primary research objectives are: (1) to model the behaviour, accounting for residual and locked-in dead load stresses, different yield strengths of the original W-shape and new flange cover plates, initial out-of-straightness and end eccentricity; and (2) to develop a rationally based practical design method for the compressive resistance of a built-up hybrid compression member. The research reported in this thesis first develops the mechanics for the resistance of built-up hybrid steel compression members from principles of equilibrium, compatibility, and force-deformation relationships. Based on these mechanics, the Refined Numerical Analysis Model is developed and implemented in a computer program to approximate column capacities and validated by comparison to column design curves in the Canadian Highway Bridge Design Code. A parametric study is presented to determine the sensitivity of compressive resistance to the magnitude of residual stresses, locked-in dead load stresses, yield strength of the W-shape and end eccentricity. An optimal simplified design method for practical design usage is identified from four candidate procedures.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame distilled prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. Learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and 10,348 direct Gemma labels. Candidate is the union of thresholded teacher heads; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels or direct frontier model labels.
Codex and Gemma teacher scores by category
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one teacher head, not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".