Catastrophic Michigan Tornadoes, 1950-1984
Bibliographic record
Abstract
During the 35-year period from 1950 through 1984, 520 tornadoes were reported and confirmed in Michigan. Slightly less than one quarter of them killed a total of 234 people, injured 3,102, and caused hundreds of millions of dollars in property damage.' A violent tornado in Genesee County on June 8,1953, widely referred to since then as "The Flint Tornado," was responsible for 116 deaths, the greatest number of deaths by a single tornado in the entire United States that year. The worst in Michigan's history, the Flint Tornado death toll ranks fourth largest in the nation, by single tornadoes, for the 69 years from 1916 through 1984.2 It was exceeded only by the record-length Tri-State Tornado which devastated Missouri, Illinois, and Indiana in 1925 (689 deaths), the Tupelo (Mississippi) Tornado in 1936 (216 deaths), and the Woodward (Oklahoma) Tornado in Texas, Oklahoma, and Kansas in 1947 (169 deaths). Because of the Flint Tornado and an outbreak of killer tornadoes in April 1965, Michigan ranks third in the country, after Texas and Mississippi, for total number of tornadocaused deaths from 1953 through 1984. Nevertheless, it is the authors' contention that risk of injury or death by tornado in the state is not as high as the preceding might imply. Michigan's tornado history shows that even the densely populated southern third of the Lower Peninsula is at the margin of the United States Tornado Alley, the major tornado region extending northeastward from Texas
Fetched live from OpenAlex and de-inverted. Abstracts are not stored in this database: the inverted indexes are 8.6 GB of the frame’s 9.3 GB of text, and the host has 13 GB free.
How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame distilled prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. Learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and 10,348 direct Gemma labels. Candidate is the union of thresholded teacher heads; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels or direct frontier model labels.
Codex and Gemma teacher scores by category
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.001 | 0.002 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Open science | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.001 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one teacher head, not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".