Ecotoxicological effects of deinking biosolids and the cytotoxic potential of microplastics-bound copper on the earthworm Eisenia fetida
Bibliographic record
Abstract
Deinking biosolids (DB) are nutrient-rich organic residues used as a fertilizer to promote plant growth in agriculture and on reclaimed lands.However, DB also contains non-nutritive substances like copper (Cu) in the phthalocyanine dyes used by the printing industry.Consequently, agricultural soils amended with DB could accumulate Cu to levels that threaten soil health and crop production.This study evaluates the effects of DB-amended soil on the earthworm Eisenia fetida in Cu-amended soil, focusing on the sublethal effects on growth, reproduction, and Cu accumulation in earthworm homogenate, cytosol, and metallothionine.Following the modified OECD guideline, the earthworms were exposed to artificial soil amended with DB (nominally 0, 34, 68, 136, and 272 g kg -1 soil), Cu (nominally 0, 100, 160, 256, and 410 mg kg -1 soil), or a combination of DB and Cu.Results indicate that DB and Cu had no significant effects on the 28d earthworm growth in single-exposure treatments compared to unamended controls (p > 0.05), possibly due to growth-enhancing substrates, i.e., nutrients and organic matter contained within the biosolids.However, reproduction was inhibited in earthworms exposed to concentrations 68 g deinking biosolids or 410 mg Cu compared to controls (p < 0.05).In combined exposures, the addition of DB to Cu-spiked soil did not exacerbate Cu toxicity or increase Cu accumulation in earthworms and subcellular fractions, compared to single-treatment exposures.Thus, earthworm exposure to combined Cu and DB treatment in artificial soil was not more toxic than the individual contaminants.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame distilled prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. Learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and 10,348 direct Gemma labels. Candidate is the union of thresholded teacher heads; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels or direct frontier model labels.
Codex and Gemma teacher scores by category
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one teacher head, not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".