Evolution of a western Arctic ice-ocean boundary layer and mixed layer across a developing thermodynamically forced marginal ice zone
Bibliographic record
Abstract
A comprehensive set of autonomous, ice-ocean measurements were collected across the Canada Basin to study the summer evolution of the ice-ocean boundary layer (IOBL) and ocean mixed layer (OML). Evaluation of local heat and freshwater balances and associated turbulent forcing reveals that melt ponds strongly influence the summer IOBL-OML evolution. The areal expansion and drainage of melt ponds resulted in a substantial increase in upper ocean heat storage (39 MJm-2) and development of the summer mixed layer and near-surface temperature maximum (NSTM). 1-D boundary layer model results show that melt pond drainage provided sufficient buoyancy to the summer halocline to prevent subsequent wind events from mixing out the NSTM. Ice Camp observations captured the development of a second shallower NSTM in late summer; however, meltwater contributions were inadequate to sustain this feature when winds increased. In the marginal ice zone (MIZ), thermal heterogeneities in the upper ocean led to large ocean-to-ice heat fluxes (100–200 Wm-2) and enhanced basal ice melt (3–6 cm-day-1). Calculation of the upper ocean heat budget shows that the extensive area of deteriorating sea ice observed away from the ice edge during the 2014 season, termed the thermodynamically forced MIZ, was driven primarily by local solar radiative heat input. .
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame distilled prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. Learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and 10,348 direct Gemma labels. Candidate is the union of thresholded teacher heads; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels or direct frontier model labels.
Codex and Gemma teacher scores by category
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.004 | 0.002 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.002 | 0.001 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.002 | 0.001 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.003 | 0.004 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Open science | 0.002 | 0.001 |
| Research integrity | 0.001 | 0.007 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.000 | 0.001 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; both teacher heads agree on what is shown here.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".