Great Lakes Update, Volume 192 : 2014 Annual Summary
Bibliographic record
Abstract
BackgroundThe U.S. Army Corps of Engineers (USACE) tracks and forecasts the water levels of each of the Great Lakes.This report is primarily focused on summarizing the hydrologic conditions of the Great Lakes basin in 2014.Following a long period of much lower than average water levels, especially for Lakes Superior and Michigan-Huron, levels began to recover during 2013 and even surpassed long term average water levels in 2014.At the beginning of 2015, all of the Great Lakes are at a higher level than at the beginning of 2014, with the exception of Lake Ontario.A summary of 2014 Great Lakes water levels is discussed below in the lake-by-lake sections.Official water levels are based on monthly lakewide means, and the period of record used for each of the lakes includes the years 1918 to 2013.These data have been coordinated between the United States and Canada.All 2014 water levels will be officially coordinated and added to the historical record in the spring of 2015.The elevations used are referenced to the 1985 International Great Lakes Datum.The water level of each lake is averaged from a network of individual gages around each lake.Also of note is that Lake Michigan and Lake Huron are hydraulically treated as one lake due to their connection at the Straits of Mackinac.
Fetched live from OpenAlex and de-inverted. Abstracts are not stored in this database: the inverted indexes are 8.6 GB of the frame’s 9.3 GB of text, and the host has 13 GB free.
How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame distilled prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. Learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and 10,348 direct Gemma labels. Candidate is the union of thresholded teacher heads; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels or direct frontier model labels.
Codex and Gemma teacher scores by category
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.002 | 0.000 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.017 | 0.007 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; both teacher heads agree on what is shown here.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".