Intrinsic kinetics of clathrate hydrate formation
Bibliographic record
Abstract
The present thesis focuses on the intrinsic kinetics of clathrate hydrate formation to provide the fundamental data and modeling needed to predict hydrate growth. A novel hydrate growth model based on particle size distribution measurements and a concentration driving force was proposed. The reaction rate constant of propane hydrate formation was determined using the aforementioned model. The mole fraction of carbon dioxide and methane in the bulk liquid phase was measured at the onset of hydrate growth and thereafter in a semi-batch stirred tank crystallizer. It was found that the guest mole fraction in the bulk liquid phase increases with pressure, decreases with temperature and remains constant during at least the ï¬rst thirteen minutes of the growth stage. Based on such measurements, an alternate formulation of the hydrate growth model, independent of the dissolution rate at the vapor-liquid water interface, was suggested. As a result, the reaction rate constant of both carbon dioxide and methane clathrate formation was determined and found to follow an Arrhenius-type relationship, increasing with temperature over a four-degree interval, while being insensitive to pressure over the range investigated. The temperature trend of the reaction rate constant of hydrate formation yielded positive activation energies for both carbon dioxide and methane hydrate growth. The carbon dioxide and methane solubility dependency on temperature in water under hydrate-liquid water and vapor-liquid water equilibrium was also demonstrated using fundamental thermodynamics.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame distilled prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. Learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and 10,348 direct Gemma labels. Candidate is the union of thresholded teacher heads; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels or direct frontier model labels.
Codex and Gemma teacher scores by category
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.001 | 0.004 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.001 | 0.003 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.000 | 0.001 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one teacher head, not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".