Investigation of the ground effect on wingtip vortex generated by a rectangular NACA0012 wing
Bibliographic record
Abstract
The two stream-wise counter-rotating wingtip vortices generated behind aircraft and their interactions with the runway have always been a concern to aviation, airport traffic control, and aircraft manufacturers alike.For aircraft flying at constant distance from ground (i.e.Ground Effect Vehicles), the behavior of wake vortices and the lift-induced drag are being investigated as well.It was observed that lift increase and drag reduction are experienced by wings in ground effect.To further understand the phenomenon both qualitatively and quantitatively, the ground effect on the aerodynamics and tip vortex flow of a rectangular wing was investigated experimentally at = 2.71 10 5 .The results showed that there was a large lift increase with reducing ground distance.By contrast, a small drag increase was observed in ground effect except in close ground proximity for which a significant drag decrease appeared.The tip vortex also moved further outboard and upward with reducing ground distance.Near the ground, there was the presence of a corotating ground vortex (produced by the rolling up of the boundary layer developed on the ground surface), leading to an increased vortex strength.In extreme ground proximity, a counterrotating secondary vortex (SV) (induced by the crossflow of the tip vortex), relative to the tip vortex, appeared, which caused a reduced vortex strength and a lowered lift-induced drag, as well as a vortex rebound.The impact of ground effect on the vortex flow properties was also discussed.The lift-induced drag, computed based on the crossflow measurements via the Maskell wake integral method, in ground effect was compared against the inviscid flow predictions and wind tunnel total drag force measurements.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame distilled prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. Learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and 10,348 direct Gemma labels. Candidate is the union of thresholded teacher heads; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels or direct frontier model labels.
Codex and Gemma teacher scores by category
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.001 | 0.002 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one teacher head, not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".