Bibliographic record
Abstract
A report released last week by the Annie E. Casey Foundation shows Montana fourth-graders are ranked 17th in the nation in reading proficiency, based on findings released by the National Assessment of Educational Progress.Sixty-five percent of students in Montana's public schools are unable to read at grade-level proficiency when entering fourth grade, a rate that is only slightly better than the national rate of 67 percent (http://nces.ed.gov/nationsreportcard; http://datacenter.kidscount.org/data/acrossstates/Rankings.aspx?ind=5116).The Annie E. Casey Foundation raises awareness of the critical importance of achieving grade-level reading proficiency for all children by the end of third grade through the release of its special report, "Early Warning!Why Reading by the End of Third Grade Matters" (www.aecf.org/readingmatters.aspx).The ability to read is central to a child's success in school, lifelong earning potential and ability to contribute to the nation's economy and security.A broad coalition of organizations, including America's Promise Alliance, Mission: Readiness, and United Way Worldwide, support this call for renewed emphasis on reading success.Although NAEP scores have shown incremental increases during the past 15 years for most students, disparities in reading achievement persist across economic, racial and ethnic groups.The shortfall in reading proficiency is especially pronounced among low-income children: More than four out of five children from low-income families fail to reach the "proficient" level in reading.The shortfall occurs similarly for low-income children attending schools in cities, suburbs, towns and rural areas, and is especially pronounced in high-poverty schools serving African American, Hispanic and American Indian students.The primary predictor of future success is whether a person graduates from high school, and early reading skills are essential to achieving that milestone, said Alma Powell, of America's Promise Alliance."The National Research Council has shown that a child who is not at least a modestly skilled reader by the end of third grade is unlikely to graduate from high school," Powell said.The current pool of high school graduates is neither large nor skilled enough to meet the country's national security needs, said retired Army Brig.Gen. Velma Richardson of Mission: Readiness."The Defense Department estimates 75 percent of Americans aged 17 to 24 are ineligible to join the U.S. military because they are poorly educated, involved in crime or physically unfit," Richardson said."Even with a high school diploma, 30 percent of potential recruits fail the entrance exam due to inadequate math and reading skills.We must get today's kids on track to become tomorrow's leaders.""Because shortfalls in grade-level reading are such strong predictors of future problems, philanthropy is putting a stake in the ground on ensuring that children are able to read at grade level by the end of third grade," said Michael L. Eskew, Casey board chair and former CEO of UPS."The research is clear and compelling.And it affirms what
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.002 | 0.008 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.002 | 0.001 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.002 | 0.002 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.004 | 0.001 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.012 | 0.005 |
| Open science | 0.001 | 0.004 |
| Research integrity | 0.009 | 0.006 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.411 | 0.346 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; the direct Gemma label and the distilled Codex classifier agree on what is shown here.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".