A Modular Bidirectional Topology for Grid-Tied PV Powered EV Chargers with Isolated Single-Stage Sub-Modules
Bibliographic record
Abstract
Renewable energy sources (RES) such as solar photovoltaic (PV) are employed in electric vehicle (EV) charging stations to promote sustainable transportation and reduce the load on the AC grid. This paper introduces a modular power converter topology that interfaces with solar PV, EV batteries, and the AC grid. The proposed topology supports EV battery charging in two modes: DC/DC (from PV modules) and AC/DC (from the AC grid). Additionally, during peak hours, EV batteries can function as energy storage units (ESUs) in vehicle-to-grid (V2G) mode. A central element of the proposed topology is the submodule (SM), which is implemented as a single-stage isolated bidirectional Cuk-based converter. This converter is chosen for its exceptional features, including high efficiency and inherent power factor correction (PFC) due to continuous input and output currents. The paper first details the operating modes of the Cuk-based SM. To improve performance, an extra switching state is added in the AC/DC (rectifier) mode, enabling the second-order harmonic from the AC grid to be stored within the Cuk SM instead of being passed to the battery. Additionally, power losses at the SM level are examined, and the effectiveness of the proposed topology is demonstrated through experimental results.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.003 | 0.001 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".