Bibliographic record
Abstract
Adult Japanese beetles cause serious injury to leaves and flowers of many ornamentals, fruits, and vegetables.Among the plants most commonly damaged are rose, grape, crabapple, and beans.There are many insects in Colorado that may be mistaken for Japanese beetle.To identify Japanese beetle consider differences in size, shape and patterning.The Japanese beetle, Popillia japonica, can be a very damaging insect in both the adult and larval stages.Larvae chew roots of turfgrasses and it is the most important white grub pest of turfgrass in much of the northeastern quadrant of the United States.Adults also cause serious injuries as they feed on the leaves and flowers of many ornamentals, fruits, and vegetables.Among the plants most commonly damaged are rose, grape, crabapple, and beans.Japanese beetle is also a regulated insect subject to internal quarantines in the United States.The presence of established Japanese beetle populations in Colorado restricts trade.Nursery products originating from Japanese beetleinfested states require special treatment or are outright banned from shipment to areas where this insect does not occur. Current Distribution of the Japanese BeetleFrom its original introduction in New Jersey in 1919, Japanese beetle has greatly expanded its range.It is now generally distributed throughout the country, excluding the extreme southeast.It is also found in parts of Ontario, Canada.Japanese beetle is most commonly transported to new locations with soil surrounding nursery plants.Eggs are sometimes laid in the soil of container stock and balled/burlap nursery materials, so the root feeding larvae are carried with the plants.Adults that fly and incidentally land on freight or vehicles also may be transported.Adult Japanese beetles are often detected around airports, presumably carried among air cargo or on planes.Japanese beetle has likely been introduced into Colorado on several occasions.However, historically these almost always failed to result in reproducing, established populations in the state.Unfortunately, this situation has recently changed as at least two populations are now known.The first population began in 2003 in the Palisade area on the West Slope.Efforts to eradicate it have been unsuccessful.More recently, Japanese beetle has been discovered around the Cherry Hills Golf course in the southern Denver Metro area. Appearance and DetectionThe Japanese beetle is often considered an attractive insect.It is generally metallic green with coppery-brown wing covers, which do not quite Figure 1.Japanese beetle.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Research integrity | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.058 | 0.026 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".