The Relationship Between Parenting Stress and Parents’ Level of Education, Knowledge, and Attitude Regarding Dental and Oral Health Maintenance in Children with Intellectual Disabilities
Bibliographic record
Abstract
Munawar Chalid,1 Eriska Riyanti,1 Willyanti Soewondo,1 Prima Andisetyanto,1 Rasmi Rikmasari,2 Yunia Dwi Rakhmatia,2 Sri Tjahajawati3 1Department of Paediatric Dentistry, Universitas Padjadjaran, Bandung, West Java, Indonesia; 2Department of Prosthodontic, Universitas Padjadjaran, Bandung, West Java, Indonesia; 3Department of Oral Biology, Universitas Padjadjaran, Bandung, West Java, IndonesiaCorrespondence: Eriska Riyanti, Department of Paediatric Dentistry, Universitas Padjadjaran, Bandung, West Java, Indonesia, Email eriska.riyanti@unpad.ac.idBackground: Parenting stress is an unpleasant psychological reaction to the demands of being a parent. It affects parents who raise children with developmental disabilities and presents unique challenges, the impact of which is exacerbated by socio-economic status, age, income, and parental education level. Individuals with intellectual disabilities have poorer general health and oral hygiene compared to the general population. Parenting stress can influence parents’ knowledge and attitudes about maintaining oral health. This research aimed to determine whether there was a relationship between parenting stress and the level of education, knowledge, and attitudes of parents toward maintaining oral health in children with intellectual disabilities.Methods: This research used a cross-sectional analytical method. The total sample was 104 parents of children with intellectual disabilities in two special schools in Bandung Regency, Indonesia. Data was collected and then tested for correlation with Spearman’s Rank and Kendall Coefficient of Concordance.Results: The majority of parents described their level of parenting stress as moderate (51%), with the highest level of education being high school (36.5%), a sufficient level of knowledge (48.1%), and an adequate attitude towards maintaining dental and oral health (46.2%). Multivariate analysis showed a relationship between parenting stress and parents’ level of education, knowledge, and attitudes, with a p-value of 0.0008 and W=0.205.Conclusion: There is a relationship between parenting stress and the level of education, knowledge, and attitudes of parents regarding the maintenance of the oral health of children with intellectual disabilities (whether it is related between parenting stress and each variable or when parenting stress is related to all three).Keywords: parenting stress, educational level, knowledge, attitudes, intellectual disability
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.001 | 0.005 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.003 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".