Response of cladocerans to native and invasive invertebrate predators in Lake Simcoe, Canada
Bibliographic record
Abstract
How populations respond to changing environmental conditions is critical to their \nsurvival. Organisms can respond adaptively to new environmental conditions, for example an \ninvasive predator, by the expression of phenotypic plasticity, or evolution through selection for \ncertain phenotypes. Lake Simcoe, one of the largest inland lakes in Ontario, has been invaded by \nseveral non-native species, including the zooplanktivore Bythotrephes cederstroemii, which is \nnative to north-central Europe and Asia. To investigate whether the arrival of Bythotrephes \nand/or increase of Epischura abundance contributed to the zooplankton shifts observed in Lake \nSimcoe in the mid-1990s, we conducted two laboratory experiments. Firstly i) a live predation \nexperiment to assess prey vulnerability and consumptive effects of each predator and ii) a \nphototactic response experiment to assess differences in phototactic behaviour when prey \nencounter the presence or absence of each predator cue. We found that bosminids were more \nvulnerable than daphniids to Bythotrephes and Epischura predation and that all prey responded \nto specific predator cue by altering their phototactic behaviour. Our predation results aligned \nwith the observed abundance changes in Lake Simcoe for some species, however they were \nopposite to the abundance changes for others. Our phototactic results demonstrated that all \nspecies are capable of changing their behaviour in response to predators, but in Lake Simcoe \nother factors could be contributing to the observed changes. Although these results only explain \nsome of the observed changes in Lake Simcoe, they provide predictive insight into how future \ninvasion sites may respond to an invasive predator.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame distilled prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. Learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and 10,348 direct Gemma labels. Candidate is the union of thresholded teacher heads; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels or direct frontier model labels.
Codex and Gemma teacher scores by category
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one teacher head, not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".