Static and fatigue behaviour of thermoplastic composite laminates joined by resistance welding
Bibliographic record
Abstract
This work investigates the mechanical behaviour of resistance-welded thermoplastic composites under both static and fatigue conditions for skin/stringer and lap shear welds. The first configuration was chosen in order to represent a typical reinforced aerospace composite structure. It consists of a flange laminate, representing a stringer or frame, welded onto a skin laminate. The effects of various resistance welding parameters on the weld quality and mechanical performance of a carbon fibre/poly-ether-ether-ketone (APC-2/AS4) composite skin/stringer are first investigated. The results show that the input power level and clamping distance, i.e., the distance between the connector to the power supply and the edge of the weld, have a significant influence on the weld quality. Then, the mechanical performance and the failure modes of the skin/stringer specimen are studied using the optimum welding conditions. Failure modes typically encountered with adhesively bonded thermosetting resin composites skin/stringer configuration are obtained. Diverse stress concentration reduction methods at the flange tip are also investigated. The most efficient one is to machine a taper angle at the flange tip after the welding operation. A novel solution to prevent current leakage in carbon fibre composites is developed where a ceramic (TiO2) coating is applied to the heating element. Excellent electrical insulation is obtained which results in a more uniform temperature distribution at the weld interface. Furthermore, the coating does not affect the weld static mechanical performance. The fatigue properties are then investigated and the APC-2/AS4 skin/stringer joints present indefinite fatigue lives at 40% and 35% of their static damage initiation loads, for unidirectional and quasi-isotropic specimens, respectively. The previously developed ceramic coating does not affect the fatigue properties of the welds. The heating element mesh size is optimised for carbon fibre/poly-ether-k
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.001 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".