The TPP Will Not Change NAFTA as Promised
Bibliographic record
Abstract
PROPONENTS of the Trans-Pacific Partnership (TPP) are alleging that the TPP will bring greater protections for unions, human rights, the environment, and small businesses than the North American Free Trade Agreement (NAFTA).tThe problem with the TPP, however, is that there is no real mechanism to enforce these commitments.The TPP will expand markets and increase competition for NAFTA members, but it will not change NAFTA as promised.The TPP is a trade agreement signed on February 4, 2016, by twelve countries across the Pacific Rim. 2 It includes Australia, Brunei, Canada, Chile, Japan, Malaysia, Mexico, New Zealand, Peru, Singapore, the United States, and Vietnam. 3 These nations represent nearly forty percent of global gross domestic product (GDP).4 The TPP includes thirty chapters that address a variety of topics like trade in goods and services, investment, intellectual property, labor, the environment, and dispute settlement.5 The twelve nations have two years to ratify or reject the agreement.6NAFTA is an agreement signed by Canada, Mexico, and the United States, which created a trilateral trade bloc in North America.7 NAFTA was formed out of the economic and political interests of its members who geographically comprise of most of North America.8 NAFTA was signed on December 17, 1992.9It fully entered into force a year later, on *Phuong Tran is a third-year at SMU Dedman School of Law.She is serving as the NAFTA Reporter for the International Law Review Association.She would like to thank
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.005 | 0.013 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.004 | 0.002 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.008 | 0.004 |
| Open science | 0.002 | 0.002 |
| Research integrity | 0.015 | 0.010 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.061 | 0.058 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".