Vernacular Song, Cultural Identity, and Nationalism in Newfoundland, 1920-1955
Bibliographic record
Abstract
Although a force in Newfoundland politics and culture, nationalist sentiment was not strong enough in 1948 to prevent \nconfederation with Canada. The absence among many Newfoundlanders of a strong sense of belonging to an independent country \nwas the underlying reason for Smallwood's referendum victory. Most islanders were descendants of immigrants from either \nIreland or the English West Country. Nowadays, they view themselves as Newfoundlanders first and foremost, but it took \ncenturies for that common identity to be forged. How can we gauge when that change from old (European) to new \n(Newfoundland) identity took place in the outport communities? Vernacular song texts provide one valuable source of evidence. \nThree collectionsof Newfoundlandsongs-Gerald Doyle's TheOld TimeSongsandPoetry of Newfoundland,Elisabeth \nGreenleafs Ballads and Sea Songs ji-om Nev.foundland. and Maud Karpeles' Folk Songs from Newfoundland-illuminate the \ndegree to which by the late 1920s a Newfoundland song-culture had replaced earlier cultural traditions. These songs suggest that \nthe island was still a cultural mosaic: some outports were completely Irish, others were English, and in a few ethnically-mixed \ncommunities, including St. John's, there was an emergent, home-grown, patriotic song-culture. Cultural nationalism was still a \nminority tradition in the Newfoundland of 1930.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.001 | 0.002 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.005 | 0.002 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.002 | 0.001 |
| Open science | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.005 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".