Assessing the oxidative status of individuals with the metabolic syndrome : before, during and after the consumption of milled flaxseed or flaxseed oil
Bibliographic record
Abstract
The global prevalence of Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus (T2DM) has increased exponentially over the last few decades.In Canada, the prevalence of T2DM was 7.2% in 1995 and is estimated tobe 9.2%oby 2025.Diabetes mellitus is associated with an increased flux of reactive oxygen species and an alteration in the cellular redox system that results in a loss of reducing capacity, with repercussion on antioxidant defense system.The human body has a complex antioxidant defense system that includes the antioxidant enzymes superoxide dismutase (SOD), glutathione peroxidase (GPx) and catalase (CAT) along with the non-enzymatic antioxidants like Vitamin E, C, A, flavanoids and p-carotene.Flaxseed is one of the richest sources of a-linolenic acid (^LA-52%), and the lignan, secoisolariciresinol diglucoside (SDG-0.6-1.8%), which has the antioxidant activity of inhibiting lipid peroxidation and scavenging produced free radicals specially hydroxyl radical.The effect of consuming flaxseed and flaxseed oil in people with T2DM has not been studied.Subjects were recruited in accordance with the initial objective of the study of assessing the oxidative status among individuals having T2DM, after consuming milled flax and flax oil in food products.Parameters like their fasting blood glucose and glycated haemoglobin did not support that these subjects had T2DM during the study.Additionally other parameters like lipid profile, waist to hip ratio and BMI, supported that these subjects had metabolic syndrome according ot the def,rnition of the WHO (World Health Organization) and NCEP:ATP III Q.{ational Cholesterol Education :Fr-Progranr: Adult Treatment Panel III).Metabolic syndrome is characterized by an aggregation of metabolic risk factors present in an individual putting them at an increased risk of developing pathologic conditions including diabetes mellitus.Biochemical parameters measured to assess oxidative status were plasma antioxidants Vitamins A (retinol) &.E by HPLC, and Vitamin C by Omey's spectrophotometeric assay.Total plasma antioxidant property was determined by the Ferric reducing antioxidant property assay (FRAP); plasma hydroperoxides were analyzed by FOX 2 assay and urinary isoprostanes were estimated with kits from Caymen Chemicals.CAT and SOD activity were determined by the assay described by Aebi and Spitz, respectively, using a UV spectrophotometer.Results revealed no signif,rcant changes among the parameters measured for the different study groups.The antioxidants Vitamins A, E & C were unaltered and FRAP values were in the normal range of healthy adults for all the groups.No significant difference was observed in plasma hydroperoxide and urinary isoprostane levels between the groups consuming either milled flax or flax oil.There was no effect of flaxseed supplementation on erythrocyte SOD or CAT activity.In conclusion, flaxseed supplementation to subjects with metabolic syndrome showed no effect on oxidative status.Flaxseed did not increase or decrease the indices of lipid peroxidation in these subjects.Hence, focus should be directed on the possibility that flaxseed may be important or effective in intemrpting the pathologic process rather than being given when there is no pathologic condition present.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.001 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".