The case for underground gas storage (UGS) : a report submitted by the BGS to the House of Lords inquiry into European Union energy policy : gas supply and access
Bibliographic record
Abstract
1. In Western Europe, gas penetration in the residential and commercial sectors has now reached about 44%. In line with this trend, UK gas consumption has more than doubled over the past ten years, and gas now holds a key position as an energy source, both as a primary fuel (for heating and cooking) and for electricity generation. \n2. The gas supply industry has to adjust to very wide seasonal variations in consumption due to rapidly changing electricity, heating and air conditioning requirements. \n3. Thanks to its huge reserves of North Sea gas and oil, Britain is the only G7 country other than Canada still largely self-sufficient in energy. The UK continues to enjoy a high level of diversity and security of supply, but this is changing rapidly. \n4. Although the UK is still a net exporter of natural gas, there are times during peak demand when it has to import foreign gas to meet its needs. In the course of 2000, the UK imported about 2% of its gas demand of about 97 bcm (billion cubic metres) per year. The DTI projections are of UK gas import dependency rising to more than 58% of demand by 2010, and 90% of demand by 2020. National Grid Transco predicts that net imports of gas will exceed domestic production in 2008-9 and will reach 70% by 2014. \n5. Our coming reliance on "less secure" external supply sources makes it necessary to be on guard against any risk of supply shortages or major disruption, be it technical as in an accident (such as the explosion at the Esso Longford gas plant in 1998 in Victoria, Australia, which disrupted supplies across the State for nearly two weeks), or political such as following a terrorist attack.
Fetched live from OpenAlex and de-inverted. Abstracts are not stored in this database: the inverted indexes are 8.6 GB of the frame’s 9.3 GB of text, and the host has 13 GB free.
How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.005 | 0.008 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.001 | 0.002 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.003 | 0.002 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.008 | 0.008 |
| Open science | 0.003 | 0.006 |
| Research integrity | 0.029 | 0.008 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.022 | 0.005 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".