Effectiveness of Whole Egg Versus Whey Protein Powder During Resistance Training
Bibliographic record
Abstract
The primary purpose was to compare the effectiveness of whole egg versus whey protein powder during 12 weeks of resistance training (RT) on lean tissue mass, and the secondary variables of muscle thickness, muscular strength, and blood glucose in resistance-trained adults. Seventy-one resistance-trained adults were randomly assigned to one of 3 groups while participating in a resistance-training program; Whole egg (WE; n = 23), whey protein (WP; n = 25), and placebo (PL; n = 23). Resistance training consisted of a three-day split (i.e., three days of training where separate muscle groups were trained for 1-1.5 hours each day interspersed with one day rest) for 12 weeks. All groups consumed the supplements (delivering 0.4 g/kg/d protein for WE and WP groups and 0.4 g/kg/d carbohydrate for PL) divided into boluses immediately after resistance training and 1 hour later. Before and after 12 weeks of resistance training and protein supplementation, lean tissue mass, fat mass, total body weight, body fat percentage (Dual Energy X-ray Absorptiometry [DXA]), muscle thickness (B-mode Ultrasound), muscle strength (bench press, leg press, knee extension), and fasting blood glucose level (glucometer) were assessed. There were no group x time x sex or group x time interactions for any of the dependent variables. There were time main effects, as expected for a resistance training program, with increases in lean tissue mass, muscle thickness measures, and strength measures (p < .05). When sex was removed as a factor to improve statistical power, there was a group x time interaction for bench press strength (p = 0.011). Bonferroni post-hoc testing showed that the change in bench press strength for the whole egg group (mean = 10.71, SD = 6.39 kg) was significantly different from the control group (mean = 5.56, SD = 7.65 kg) (p = .049), and the whey protein group (mean = 4.77, SD = 6.69 kg) (p = .015). In conclusion, neither whole egg nor whey protein powder supplementation improved body composition or strength during resistance training except for a greater increase in strength in the bench press with whole egg powder supplementation.
Fetched live from OpenAlex and de-inverted. Abstracts are not stored in this database: the inverted indexes are 8.6 GB of the frame’s 9.3 GB of text, and the host has 13 GB free.
How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.002 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.001 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".