Effect of time and rate of nitrogen, sulfur and boron application on canola growth in southwestern Québec
Bibliographic record
Abstract
Canola (Brassica napusL.)seeds have a high oil content (> 40 %), the lowest saturated fat concentration (6.8%) among the vegetable oils, plus low erucic acid and glucosinolate levels, making this crop highly valuable in the oilseed industry.Qué bec, a province where little canola is currently produced, has considerable potential to expand canola cultivation and, in doing so, strengthen the provincial agricultural sector.However, at this time there are no well-founded fertility recommendations for canola production in southwestern Qué bec; there is a lack of sufficient data on canola responses to nitrogen (N), sulfur (S) and boron (B).Therefore, field studies were conducted in 2011 and 2012 to determine the optimum rate and timing of N fertilizer additions, and also the best rates of S and B application under southwestern Qué bec conditions.In 2011, factorial combinations of four levels of N [0, 50, 100 (or 50 + 50) and 150 (or 50 + 100) kg ha -1 ], two levels of S (0 and 20 kg ha -1 ), and three levels of B (0, 0.5 foliar spray at 20% flowering stage, and 2 kg ha -1 soil applied before sowing) were tested.Single doses of N fertilization (50, 100, 150 kg ha -1 ) were all applied before sowing.Split N fertilization was also evaluated at two levels: 100 kg ha -1 (50 + 50 kg ha -1 ) and 150 kg ha -1 (50 + 100 kg ha -1 ), where the first dose of 50 kg N ha -1 was applied before sowing, and the remainder was side-dressed at the 3-4 leaf stage.In 2012, two additional treatments were added, one applied as 20 kg S ha -1 , 0.5 kg B ha -1 and 200 kg N ha -1 , and the other as 20 kg S ha -1 , 0.5 kg B ha -1 and 50 + 150 kg N ha -1 .In 2011, N fertilization had positive effects on dry biomass, leaf area, plant height, seeds silique -1 , harvest index, yield, and seed protein content, but a negative effect on seed oil content.The optimum N rate was 150 kg N ha -1 , resulting in the highest seed yield and good seed quality.In 2012, canola did not respond as strongly to fertilizer additions as in 2011, apparently because of lower established plant densities.Application of fertilizer N affected fewer variables in 2012: 1000-seed weight, and harvest index, seed oil content and seed protein content.Of the four blocks in the 2012 experiment, only block four had a reasonably high average plant population density.For block four, the yield data was curvilinearly and positively correlated with N rate (R² = 0.5702, P < 0.0001), with peak yield occurring at 150 kg N ha -1 .Canola growth was often not affected by the time of N viii application.In 2011, there was a S x B interaction for 1000-seed weight, in that the effect was positive with foliar application of 0.5 B kg ha -1 and negative when 2 kg B ha -1 was soil-applied).Boron alone increased 1000-seed weight in 2012.Our results indicated that S and B levels in the soils used were probably sufficient for canola production.Plant height was decreased (2.9 %) by S application at 20 kg ha -1 in 2011.In conclusion, our data suggest that the best N application regime for canola production in southwestern Qué bec may be a single application at 150 kg N ha -1 ; this produced the highest seed yield without sacrifice of seed quality.Sulfur and B additions may not be required for canola production in southwestern Qué bec. ix Ré suméLes semences du canola(BrassicanapusL.)ontdes teneursé levé s en huile(> 40%), la plus basse concentration en graisses saturé es(6,8%)parmi leshuiles vé gé tales et une faibleteneur en acide é ruciqueeten glucosinolates, ce qui les rend trè spré cieux dans lesecteur de la production des huiles vé gé tales.La province de Qué bec, avec une faible production de l'huile de canola, a la capacité d'augmenter sa production et, effectivement, de renforcer l'agriculture provinciale.Cependant, les recommandations pour la fertilisation des plantes de canola pour la culture au Qué bec ne sont pas bien dé finies; il y a un manque d'information concernant la réponse de canola à l'azote (N), le soufre(S) et le bore (B).Les é tudes mené es en 2011 et 2012 ont dé terminé le taux et la saison idé als pour les additions de l'engrais enrichi avec de l'azote et, en plus, le taux optimal pour le soufre et le bore au Qué bec.En 2011, les combinaisons factorielles dequatre niveaux deN [0, 50, 100 (ou50 + 50) et 150(ou50 + 100) kgha -1 ], deux niveaux deS(0 à 20 kg ha -1 ),ettrois niveaux deB(0, 0,5 pulvé risation foliaireaustade de la floraisonde 20%et de 2kg ha-1 appliqué au sol avant les semailles) ont é té testé es.Des doses uniques dela fertilisation d'azote(50, 100, 150 kg ha) ont tous é té appliqué savant les semailles.En mê me temps, la fertilisation d'azote a é galement é té é valué eà deux niveaux: 100 kg ha -1 (50 + 50 kg ha -1 ) et 150kg ha -1 (50 + 100 kg ha), où la premiè re dose de 50kg N ha -1 a é té appliqué avant les semailles, et le restea é té appliqué au stade de 3-4 feuilles.En 2012,deux traitementssupplé mentairesont é té ajouté s : le premier a é té 20 kgSha, 0,5 kgBkgha -1 et 200Nha -1 , et l'autrea é té 20 kgSha -1 , 0,5 kg de B ha -1 et 50+ 150kg N ha -1 .En 2011,la fertilisation d'azotea montré des effetspositifs sur labiomasse sè che, la surface foliaire, la hauteur des plantes, des graines par silique, l'indice de ré colte, le rendement et la teneur en proté inesdes graines,mais a eu uneffet né gatif surla teneur en huiledes graines.Le tauxoptimum de Na é té 150kg N ha -1 , entraî nant lerendement grainieré levé et une bonnequalité des semences.En 2012, le canola n'a pas bien ré pondu aux ajoutsd'engraiscomme cela a é té en 2011, apparemment, en raison de la baisse desdensité s de plantation.L'application desengrais azoté sa augmenté seulement les poids de 1000 graines, l'indice deré colte,la teneur en huiledes graines etla teneur en proté inesdes graines.Parmi les quatreblocs dansl'expé rience de 2012, le bloc # 4 a eu x seulementune densité depopulation de plantesrelativement é levé epar rapport de lamoyenne.Pour le bloc #4 les donné es derendement é taitcurviligneet corré lé espositivementavec le taux de N (R ² =0,5702, p <0,0001), avec un rendementmaximal se produisantà 150kg Nha -1 .La croissance du canola n'a pas é té souvent affecté epar le tempsd'applicationN.En 2011,il y avait uneinteraction de S xBpour un poidsde 1000 grainesen ce que l'effet a é té positifavecune application foliairede 0,5Bkg ha -1 et né gativelorsque2 kgBha -1 a é té appliqué sur le sol.Seul le bore a augmenté le poidsde 1000 grainesen 2012.Nos ré sultats indiquentque les niveauxS et Bdans lessols utilisé sé taient probablementsuffisants pourla production de canola.La hauteur de la plantea é té diminué e(2,9%)aprè s l'application de Sà 20kg ha -1 en 2011.En conclusion, nos donné es suggè rent quele meilleurré gimed'application deNpourla production de canolaau Qué becestune seule applicationà 150kg Nha -1 , ce qui a produit lerendement grainieré levé sanssacrificedela qualité des semences.Possiblement, les additionsdu soufreetdu bore ne sont pas requisespourla production de canolaau Qué bec.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.002 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".