The [NII] 205 micron and [CII] 158 micron line emissions of four star forming Submillimeter Galaxies at z∼3-5.7
Bibliographic record
Abstract
Submillimeter investigations of far-infrared (FIR) fine structure lines are a useful probe for the study of galaxies and the warm, neutral gas of the interstellar medium (ISM) in the early universe. Fine structure lines of carbon, oxygen, and nitrogen reveal characteristics of the ISM and the star-forming regions in it. The [NII] 205 μm line is used as a tracer of C+ gas due to the very similar critical densities to the [CII] 158 μm line and the fact that the line ratio of [CII]158/[NII]205 in the ionized gas is constant. We used these properties to compute the percentage of ionized and neutral C+ gas in the PDR versus the HII region. We present data for the [NII] 205 μm and [CII] 158 μm line emissions, acquired with the Atacama Large Millimeter/Submillimeter Array (ALMA) telescope, to investigate the star forming properties of lensed, submillimeter galaxies at high redshifts between z~3-5.7. Through data reduction and interpretation, line ratios of 10 or higher were obtained, signifying a higher percentage of neutral [CII] in PDR’s compared to HII region - 65% to 80% of neutral [CII] comes from the PDR’s. Acknowledgements: Sima Vaidya participated in the summer 2022 REU program at the Cornell Center for Astrophysics and Planetary Science at Cornell University under NSF award NST/AST-1950324. This project makes use of the following ALMA data: ADS/JAO.ALMA#2016.1.00654.S. ALMA is a partnership of ESO (representing its member states), NSF (USA) and NINS (Japan), together with NRC (Canada), MOST and ASIAA (Taiwan), and KASI (Republic of Korea), in cooperation with the Republic of Chile. The Joint ALMA Observatory is operated by ESO, AUI/NRAO and NAOJ.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame distilled prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. Learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and 10,348 direct Gemma labels. Candidate is the union of thresholded teacher heads; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels or direct frontier model labels.
Codex and Gemma teacher scores by category
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one teacher head, not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".