Regulation of the functional development of vision, through an interaction between synaptic changes and experience- dependent regulation of plasticity
Bibliographic record
Abstract
Early in development the visual circuitry in the brain is highly plastic.Factors that contribute to this plasticity and its expression are synaptic activity and the proteins expressed in the cell.As the system matures this plasticity is expressed and the system changes such that it becomes better at resolving finer details of the environment.Synaptic input from the retina participate in the initiation, progression, and once established the maintenance of visual function.Thus synaptic drive is key to the normal development of vision.However, the exact relationship between synaptic activity with the nature and distribution of proteins is not well established.It is not yet fully clear the extent to which synaptic activity directs the use of proteins in remodeling, modulates the levels of proteins in the cell, and how these changes regulate plasticity in the developing brain.We propose that synaptic changes and experience-dependent changes in proteins expressed in the cell interact to regulate the functional development of vision.To test this we combined electrophysiology, imaging, and molecular biology to examine the effects of activity on the structure of dendritic arbors, and the properties of glutamatergic synapses, in the retinotectal projection system of the developing Xenopus tadpole.We observed that synaptic activity regulates the activity of the transcription factor Nuclear Factor of Activated T cells (NFAT).Furthermore, we found that distinct NFAT interactions lead to dissociable changes in α-amino-3hydroxyl-5-methyl-4-isoxazole-propionate receptor (AMPAr) mediated synaptic strength, and dendritic remodeling.We also show that visual stimulation, sufficient to regulate NFAT activity, leads to increased expression of pro Brain Derived Neurotrophic Factor (proBDNF) in the tectum and that up-regulation of this protein leads to a facilitation of bi-directional plasticity.II Finally we show that the facilitation of bi-directional plasticity leads to an improvement in visual acuity.Résumé Au début du développement, les circuits visuels dans le cerveau sont très plastiques.Les facteurs qui contribuent à cette plasticité et son expression sont l'activité synaptique et les protéines exprimées dans la cellule.Avec la maturation du système, cette plasticité est exprimée et le système change tel qu'il peut mieux résoudre les détails les plus fins dans l'environnement.Les entrées synaptiques de la rétine participe à l'initiation, la progression, et une fois établi, le maintien de la fonction visuelle.Ainsi l'action synaptique est la clé du développement normal de la vision.Toutefois, la relation exacte entre l'activité synaptique à la nature et la répartition des protéines n'est pas bien établie, c'est à dire il n'est pas clair dans quelle mesure l'activité synaptique dirige l'utilisation de protéines dans le remodelage, et les niveaux des protéines dans la cellule, et l'effet de cette regulation sur la plasticité du développement du cerveau.Nous proposons que les modifications synaptiques et les changements dépendants de l'expérience dans les protéines exprimées dans les cellules interagissent pour réglementer le développement fonctionnel de la vision.Pour tester cette hypothèse nous avons combiné, les methods de l'électrophysiologie, de l'imagerie et de la biologie moléculaire en étudiant les effets de l'activité sur la structure des arbres dendritiques, et les propriétés des synapses glutamatergiques, dans le système de projection rétino-tectale chez le têtard de Xenopus en développement.Nous avons observé que l'activité synaptique réglemente l'activité du facteur de transcription Nuclear Factor of Activated T-cells (NFAT).En outre, nous avons trouvé que les interactions distinctes de NFAT conduisent à des changements de la force synaptique médiée par III le récepteur α-amino-3-hydroxyl-5-methyl-4-isoxazole-propionate (AMPAr), et de la remodelage dendritique.Nous montrons également que la stimulation visuelle, suffisante pour réguler l'activité NFAT, conduit à une expression accrue de pro Brain Derived Neurotrophic Factor (proBDNF) dans le tectum et que l'élévation de cette protéine conduit à une facilitation de la plasticité bi-directionnelle.Enfin, nous montrons que cette facilitation de la plasticité bidirectionnel conduit à une amélioration de l'acuité visuelle.IV ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS Many people made this thesis possible.I had technical help, was given an open nurturing environment, and had support from friends, family and co-workers.Some of the people who made this small success possible will probably never see this acknowledgement, but I am grateful for ALL the support, encouragement and help.To Ed and Anne thank you.To Ed-it's a vertebrate.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.001 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".