XX century activity of socio-cultural Lemko organizations of the USA and Canada (general characteristics)
Bibliographic record
Abstract
The article brings to light the history of Lemko-Rusyn emigration to the USA and Canada. General characteristics of the migration periods have been revealed. The directions of Lemko-Rusyn cultural organizations have been considered. In the process of identity formation Lemko-Rusyn immigrants from one region and birthplace, from one village and sometimes from the same family, determined their national-ethnic identity in different ways. The mass emigration of Lemkos to Canada began after the World War I. They were sent to the sparsely inhabited lands of Western Canada (Alberta, Saskatchewan and Manitoba). Newcomers have been working at existing metallurgical factories, farms or founded new ones on comparatively profitable terms, grouped around the Greek-catholic Church, created educational societies and socio-cultural organizations. In the USA, the Lemko Assistance Committee, Lemkivschyna and Lemko newspapers, Lemko Union organization of the USA and Canada and Lemko Canadian Union were founded by Lemko activists in the period between the two word wars. Today, all Lemko and Rusyn organizations in the USA and Canada are arranging numerous effective events aimed at popularizing their national customs, preserving their native dialect in particular, etc. Therefore, even the general characteristic of the processes of the Ukrainian immigration to the North American continent, their adaptation to new living conditions in the foreign ethnic environment of the USA shows their peculiarities. Each immigration wave reflects the specific character of different periods of time as well as different values. All the immigration waves, though different in their nature, acquired their own experience and created their own history.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame distilled prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. Learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and 10,348 direct Gemma labels. Candidate is the union of thresholded teacher heads; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels or direct frontier model labels.
Codex and Gemma teacher scores by category
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Open science | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.012 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one teacher head, not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".