Environmental assessment and impact of air, water and noise levels near a cement factory in Ewekoro, Ogun State, Nigeria
Bibliographic record
Abstract
The air, water and noise were assessed for respirable particulate matter (PM2.5 and PM10) and heavy metals (lead, chromium, nickel, cadmium, zinc and copper) and noise levels around a cement factory in Ewekoro. Air was sampled using a cassette sampler and was taken at Ewekoro and neighbouring communities (Papalantoro, Lapeleko and Itori) in Nigeria’s Ogun State. An atomic absorption spectrometer (AAS) measured heavy metals in the water, and a sound level meter was used to monitor the noise levels. Comparing levels with the World Health Organization (WHO), National Environmental Standard and Regulation Enforcement Agency guideline (NESREA, Nigeria) and Canadian Ambient Air Quality Standards (CAAQS) show some standards were exceeded. The mean concentrations of Cadmium (Cd), Chromium (Cr) and Nickel (Ni) in the air of the cement factory area and the impacted neighbourhoods were higher than the WHO/EU permissible limits. Chromium's hazard quotient (HQ) was above the WHO/EU safe level in adults and children through ingestion, inhalation and dermal contact in all areas monitored. Also, the HQ for Ni and Cd were higher than the safe levels in the cement factory area and Papalantoro but not in other areas, while Zinc (Zn) was determined to be at safe levels. All heavy metals monitored in the river water, except Zn, exceeded the WHO permissible limit. The heavy metal sources cannot be pinpointed to the cement factor as other points and non-point contamination sources exist. The hazard index (HI) was greater than one in all the rivers monitored in children and adults, signifying an unacceptable health risk for non-carcinogenic effects. The HI for children in all the rivers sampled was higher than that for adults, indicating that children will experience more non-carcinogenic health risks than adults. The sum of Incremental lifetime cancer risk (∑ILCR) of both adults and children was higher than the acceptable level. The highest daily noise level result at the cement factory was below the NESREA regulatory standard, while the result at the residential area was slightly higher than the standard.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.001 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".