Gait Initiation Alone May be Insufficient to Identify a Neuromuscular Mechanism Underlying Concussion-Related Kinematic Alterations
Bibliographic record
Abstract
Purpose: Concussions create significant long-term health consequences, such as kinematic alterations, which may contribute to lower extremity musculoskeletal injury, dexterity limitations, disability, and declines in quality of life. A potential movement test that may identify neuromuscular mechanisms underlying these kinematic alterations is gait initiation. Gait initiation can assess preparatory postural adjustments as an individual transitions from static balance to voluntary movement. Thus, this study aims to examine muscle activation latency of individuals who sustained a concussion 3 to 24 months prior to testing, compared to healthy controls, during gait initiation tasks. Methods: This case-control study included 32 individuals who sustained a concussion 3 to 24 months prior to testing and 28 healthy controls who completed five trials of gait initiation. Participants were fitted with electromyography sensors on their right vastus medialis, semitendinosus, tibialis anterior, and medial gastrocnemius to identify a potential neuromuscular mechanism underlying kinematic alterations. A series of ANCOVAs were utilized to identify group differences in muscle activation latency of the vastus medialis, semitendinosus, tibialis anterior, and medial gastrocnemius; reaction time; preparatory center of pressure (COP) path length; preparatory COP velocity; initial step length; mini-mental state examination score; Montreal Cognitive Assessment score; concussion symptom score. Results: Data collected in the current study displayed no group differences in muscle activation latency of the vastus medialis, semitendinosus, tibialis anterior, and medial gastrocnemius, reaction time, preparatory COP path length, preparatory COP velocity, or initial step length (p>0,05). However, the data did reveal significant group differences to cogitative measures (mini-mental state examination score; Montreal Cognitive Assessment score) and concussion symptom score. Individuals who sustained a concussion displayed worse cognitive performance and greater concussion symptoms. Conclusion: Gait initiation tasks alone may not be challenging enough to elicit observable neuromuscular alterations following concussion. Future research should continue to identify diagnostic tests to identify the neuromuscular mechanism underlying concussion-related kinematic alterations to improve the quality of life of individuals who sustain a concussion.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.001 | 0.004 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.002 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".