Leveraging Herbarium Records for a Niche Analysis of Ripariosida hermaphrodita (L.) Weakley & B. D. Poind. (Virginia mallow)
Bibliographic record
Abstract
Weedy and rare plant species that thrive in disturbed habitats, but with restricted ranges, present a unique field of ecological research.Native to the Great Lakes drainage and the Ohio, Kanawha, Susquehanna, and Potomac river basins, Virginia mallow, Ripariosida hermaphrodita (L.)Weakley & D.B. Poind.(Malvaceae), is one such pioneer species that, despite its weedy habit, is rare throughout its range from Indiana west to Pennsylvania and from Tennessee north to Ontario, Canada.This rhizomatous perennial can reach around four meters in one growing season and is cultivated as a biofuel crop in Eastern Europe.Virginia mallow yields perfect, white, terminal cymose panicle inflorescences for several months in late summer, maturing into capsule fruits.Recent molecular phylogenetic work has motivated the revision of Virginia mallow from Sida hermaphrodita (L.) Rusby to the newly monotypic Ripariosida.This work attempts to clarify the known extent of Virginia mallow through an ArcGIS niche analysis using georeferenced herbarium specimens collected over the last century and a half.248 wild collected and unduplicated records were assigned levels of geographic uncertainty from none to most: 51 specimens could not be georeferenced (Level 0), 83 specimens were georeferenced with a general locality statement (Level 1), 106 specimens were georeferenced with a precise locality statement (Level 2) and 7 specimens have GPS coordinates taken at the time of collection (Level 3).Analyses were completed on subsets of specimens (Level 3, Level 2-3 and Level 1-3) to understand the effects of geographic uncertainty on results.Large-scale, latitudinal climate variables were accompanied by finer-scale variables including soil and topography, land use, and proximity to nearest water and transportation to define the range of Virginia mallow.Occurring most frequently in flood plains, stream terraces, slopes, till plains, (rail)road cuts and urban land, Virginia mallow favors disturbance, both natural and mechanical, and is tolerant of both drought and periodic inundation.The most common soil type found for Virginia mallow was loam, of various kinds, followed by 'urban land.'Ripariosida hermaphrodita also clearly prefers high sun exposure, occurring on predominantly south/southeastern exposures and absent from northern exposures.Its tendency to occupy disturbed and at least intermittently wet areas was underscored by a mean distance to nearest road/railroad of 83 m and to nearest water of 165 m for Level 1-3 specimens.Our findings provide the foundation for further research into the population genetics and demography on the of this rare yet weedy, native perennial through comprehensive field work. Table of Contents I.Abstract.1 II.Introduction...4
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame distilled prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. Learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and 10,348 direct Gemma labels. Candidate is the union of thresholded teacher heads; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels or direct frontier model labels.
Codex and Gemma teacher scores by category
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one teacher head, not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".