Mating System and Mitochondrial Inheritance in a Basidiomycete Yeast, Cryptococcus neoformans
Bibliographic record
Abstract
In the majority of sexual eukaryotes, mitochondria are inherited predominantly from a single, usually the female, parent Like the majority of higher plants and animals, the pathogenic yeast Cryptococcus neoformans has two mating types (sexes), however, these two sexes are morphologically similar. In this study, I examined the distribution of the mating types and how mating types influence the inheritance of mitochondria in C. neoformans. My survey of mating type alleles in 358 isolates collected from four geographic areas in the US showed a biased distribution of mating type alleles with most isolates containing mating type a alleles. To characterize the role of mating type locus on mitochondrial inheritance, I constructed two pairs of congenic strains that differed only at the mitochondrial genome and mating type locus. Mating between these two pairs of strains demonstrated that uniparental inheritance in C. neoformans was controlled by the mating type locus and progeny predominantly inherited mitochondria from the mating type a parent. Specifically, we identified two genes within the mating type locus, SXIIa in mating type a strain and SXI2a in mating type a strain, that control mitochondrial inheritance. Disruption of these two genes resulted in biparental mitochondrial inheritance in sexual crosses. These two genes are the first ones identified capable of controlling uniparental mitochondrial inheritance in any organism. In addition, we determined that the deletion of the SXIIa gene enhanced the spread of mitochondrial introns in sexual crosses. This discovery is consistent with the hypothesis that uniparental lnheritance might have evolved to prevent the spread of selfish cytoplasmic elements.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame distilled prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. Learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and 10,348 direct Gemma labels. Candidate is the union of thresholded teacher heads; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels or direct frontier model labels.
Codex and Gemma teacher scores by category
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.001 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one teacher head, not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".