Plant wounding and Ophiostoma mitovirus 3a (OMV3a) influence infection of creeping bentgrass by Sclerotinia homoeocarpa
Bibliographic record
Abstract
Colonization and lesion development by virulent, asymptomatic and hypovirulent isolates of Sclerotinia homoeocarpa on nonwounded (NW) and wounded (W) leaves of creeping bentgrass were characterized. Hypovirulent and asymptomatic isolates contain the fungal virus, Ophiostoma mitovirus 3a, and virulent isolates are virus-free. On NW leaves, all isolates infected leaves with appressoria along cell walls and through stomata by 48 hours post-inoculation (hpi). Inter- and intracellular hyphae formed on heavily colonized, NW leaves at 96 hpi. Wound-inoculated grass had a colonization front characterized by inter- and intracellular hyphal colonization within nonsymptomatic tissues at 8 hpi by direct infection of the wound site. The colonization front grew ahead of symptom development for 50 hpi on both NW and W leaves. In contrast to virulent and asymptomatic isolates, the hypovirulent isolate seldom colonized more than 30% of leaf tissue of the NW or W leaves. Callose accumulation under fungal appressoria, oxalate oxidase activity, and hydrogen peroxide accumulation at lesion borders were also demonstrated. The results indicate that S. homoeocarpa is capable of colonizing creeping bentgrass without causing visible symptoms. In addition, the fungus causes disease more rapidly on W than NW grass, and the etiology of virulent, asymptomatic and hypovirulent isolates was similar. The results of this study contribute to our understanding of the basic biology of S. homoeocarpa and may influence integrated management practices. L’apparition et la colonisation de lésions produites par des isolats virulents, asymptomatiques et hypovirulents de Sclerotinia homeocarpa sur des feuilles saines et meurtries d’agrostide rampante ont été caractérisées. Les isolats hypovirulents et asymptomatiques contiennent le virus fongique Ophiostoma mitovirus 3a et les isolats virulents n’en contiennent pas. Tous les isolats ont infecté les feuilles saines en pénétrant les parois cellulaires et les stomates avec leurs appresseurs, et ce, en moins de 48 heures après inoculation (hpi). À 96 hpi, les hyphes inter- et intracellulaires se sont formés sur les feuilles saines abondamment colonisées. À 8 hpi, les feuilles meurtries inoculées affichaient un front de colonisation caractérisé par la colonisation hyphale inter- et intracellulaire des tissus non symptomatiques, et ce, par infection directe du site de la meurtrissure. Le front de colonisation a devancé l’apparition des symptômes de 50 hpi sur les feuilles saines comme sur les feuilles meurtries. Contrairement aux isolats virulents et asymptomatiques, les isolats hypovirulents colonisaient rarement plus de 30 % du tissu des feuilles saines ou meurtries. L’accumulation de callose sous les appresseurs, l’activité de l’oxalate oxydase et l’accumulation de peroxyde d’hydrogène en périphérie de la lésion ont également été démontrées. Les résultats indiquent que S. homeocarpa peut coloniser l’agrostide rampante sans que des symptômes apparaissent. De plus, le champignon infecte plus rapidement les feuilles meurtries que les feuilles saines, et les étiologies des isolats virulents, asymptomatiques et hypovirulents se ressemblaient. Les résultats de cette étude contribuent à notre compréhension de la biologie de S. homeocarpa et peuvent influer sur les méthodes de lutte intégrée.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.001 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".