Sharp-tailed grouse response to lek disturbance in the Carberry Sand Hills of Manitoba
Bibliographic record
Abstract
Characteristics of sharp-tailed grouse (Tympanuchus phasiane11us) leks, response of grouse to experimental disturbances of leks, and use of replacement leks were studied in the Carberry Sand Hills, southwestern Manitoba, from May 1983 through June 1985.Ten active leks were located an average of 2.2 km apart and were generally oval-shaped, with a NW to SE orientation.Leks averaged q50 m 2 • Leks were higher than most surrounding terrain, and sloped Sl% over display areas.Vegetation height was less on display than on perimeter areas.Cover consisted of grass (68%), forbs (15%), bare ground (15%), and shrubs (1%).Visibility on display areas increased progressively from summer to fall to spring.Each lek had escape cover S500 m and trees used for perching SqOO m from lek center.Response of sharp-tailed grouse to 1ek disturbance varied between sexes.Male sharptails were tolerant of all experimental lek disturbances except visible human presence.They continued to display in spite of parked vehicles, snow fencing, propane 'bangers•, scarecrows, radio sounds, and leashed dogs.Males displaced due to human presence generally remained in prairie habitat within 400 m of the traditional lek.They often returned to the lek within 5 minutes -j i i -of cessation of disturbance.Displaced male grouse spent most of their time (70%) 'sitting motionless• during disturbance.Female sharptails were displaced from leks by all tested disturbances but were not monitored.Replacement leks attracted some displaced male sharp-tailed grouse.Successful replacement leks resembled traditional leks at test distances of 200 or 400 m.Male decoys, female decoys in precopulatory position, and tape-recorded grouse vocalizations were necessary to induce males to attend replacement leks.Some replacement leks were used daily by males during disturbance, but use was limited to <40% of total disturbance time.Males attended replacement leks more often during morning than evening display periods.Activity of males on replacement leks was dominated by 'sitting motionless', although some displaying occurred.Female sharptails were rarely observed at replacement leks, but when present their attendance incited male display activity.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.001 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".