Understanding benzalkonium chloride tolerance and its implications in antibiotic resistance and other phenotypes in clinical isolates of Klebsiella pneumoniae
Bibliographic record
Abstract
In this study, clinical isolates of Klebsiella pneumoniae, a Gram-negative pathogen associated with hospital acquired infections, were tested for both phenotypic and genotypic changes following adaptation to the commonly used disinfecting agent benzalkonium chloride. Changes in antibiotic susceptibility and susceptibility to other disinfectants were assessed using broth microdilution, and changes in colony morphology and capsule density were also determined. Assays using ethidium bromide and Hoechst H33342 fluorescent dye were also performed to observe changes in efflux activity and accumulation following adaptation to benzalkonium chloride. It was found that bacterial cells which had been repeatedly exposed to sub-inhibitory concentrations of benzalkonium chloride showed greater tolerance to the biocide, but this did not correspond to a change in antibiotic resistance profile or confer cross-resistance with other biocides. Capsule density and efflux/accumulation were found to be the most impacted phenotypes in the adapted strains, with strains showing decreased capsule densities and increased efflux following adaptation.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.001 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".