Understanding benzalkonium chloride tolerance and its implications in antibiotic resistance and other phenotypes in clinical isolates of Klebsiella pneumoniae
Why this work is in the frame
A frame that forgets how it found something cannot be audited. These are the routes that admitted this work.
Bibliographic record
Abstract
In this study, clinical isolates of Klebsiella pneumoniae, a Gram-negative pathogen associated with hospital acquired infections, were tested for both phenotypic and genotypic changes following adaptation to the commonly used disinfecting agent benzalkonium chloride. Changes in antibiotic susceptibility and susceptibility to other disinfectants were assessed using broth microdilution, and changes in colony morphology and capsule density were also determined. Assays using ethidium bromide and Hoechst H33342 fluorescent dye were also performed to observe changes in efflux activity and accumulation following adaptation to benzalkonium chloride. It was found that bacterial cells which had been repeatedly exposed to sub-inhibitory concentrations of benzalkonium chloride showed greater tolerance to the biocide, but this did not correspond to a change in antibiotic resistance profile or confer cross-resistance with other biocides. Capsule density and efflux/accumulation were found to be the most impacted phenotypes in the adapted strains, with strains showing decreased capsule densities and increased efflux following adaptation.
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Full frame distilled prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. Learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and 10,348 direct Gemma labels. Candidate is the union of thresholded teacher heads; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels or direct frontier model labels.
Codex and Gemma teacher scores by category
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.003 | 0.001 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.001 | 0.003 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Open science | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.002 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from it