Bibliographic record
Abstract
The findings described in this paper reveal the uses of the yen from various perspectives. Although Japanese exports and imports increased sharply, the use of the yen as a unit of account, as a vehicle, or as an asset in portfolio has not risen to a status parallel to commodity flows. Exports from and imports to Japan are predominantly denominated in dollars instead of yen, although the yen-invoice ratio has been increasing. This seems to be a result of Japan"s trading structure, and Japan"s closed capital markets.\n\n More than half of Japan"s exports to Asian countries are denominated in yen, but only a quarter of Japan"s imports from Asian countries are denominated in yen. The yen is more important in the Asian region. This is reflected in the official reserve currency composition among the Asian countries. However, a major increase in the 1980s occurred because of appreciation of the yen instead of active rebalancing. The yen denominated external debt among the Asian countries has risen compared with debt denominated in other currencies, mostly in dollars.\n\n Also, we have examined the yen bloc issues from trade, financial and optimum currency area perspectives. We have not found any strong currency ties to the yen. The increase in trade among Asian nations can be explained the new trade pattern and new foreign investment. On financial side, there is some evidence that Tokyo financial markets influence interest rates in Asian countries, but not to a greater extent that New York. Asian exchange rates are also more pegged to the dollar than to the yen. Similarly, the yen is not used extensively as an invoice or vehicle currency even in the Asian region. But, we have found the possibility of a macroeconomic coordination in the APEC.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.001 | 0.005 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.002 | 0.002 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.036 | 0.009 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".