The antimutagenic effects of Arceuthobium americanum
Bibliographic record
Abstract
Extracts from European mistletoe (Viscum album) have been used in alternative cancer treatments for nearly a century, and the extracts have modest antimutagenic properties. The dwarf mistletoe (Arceuthobium americanum) and V. album are from the same family and share similar characteristics. Both are plant-plant parasites, taking water and minerals from their hosts. However, it remains unknown as to whether A. americanum extracts are also antimutagenic. The objective of this research is to determine if extracts of A. americanum have antimutagenic properties when tested against some standard mutagens. Methanol extraction of A. americanum’s fruits and stem were conducted, and the extracts were tested against histidine dependent Salmonella typhimurium strains via the Ames test, a standard method of detecting mutagenicity/antimutagenicity. The S. typhimurium strains contain different mutations in assorted genes in the histidine operon and are more easily back mutated than others in the presence of mutagens. The increased S. typhimurium growth can then be an indicator of increased genetic mutations that resulted in histidine reversions. The same test was conducted with modifications to test for antimutagenic activity. This research revealed modest A. americanum antimutagenic properties similar to V. album; however, the results were not statistically significant and difficult to get replicates. This result is a first for the Arceuthobium genus. Future research into this field could find more concrete evidence into the potential for the plant.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.001 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".