Beyond the Civic and Ethnic Divide: The Cultural Conception of National Identity and Its Influence on Opinions about Immigration and Diversity in Quebec
Bibliographic record
Abstract
It is increasingly documented that individuals’ conceptions of national identity influence their opinions about immigration and ethnocultural diversity. The most well-known ideal types to capture conceptions of national identity are found in the civic-ethnic dichotomy; while the former emphasizes inclusive criteria such as citizenship and is associated with positive opinions about immigration and diversity, the latter emphasizes exclusive criteria such as ancestry and is associated with negative opinions of these same issues. Though the relationship between national identity and immigration and diversity has been extensively studied, the mechanism behind this relationship is still unclear. Moreover, the civic-ethnic dichotomy does not reflect current debates about immigration and diversity, which are increasingly framed in cultural terms. To address this gap, scholars have proposed a cultural conception of national identity. The relationship between the cultural conception of national identity and immigration and diversity, however, remains contested. \n \nMy study investigates the relationship between conceptions of national identity and immigration and diversity in the context of Quebec by looking at two cases: Quebecers from the general public and sympathizers of the identity group La Meute. The analysis of interviews conducted with these two populations shows that the civic and ethnic conceptions of national identity are respectively related to positive and negative opinions about immigration and diversity and that this relationship hinges on an evaluation mechanism whereby one evaluates if immigrants and minorities conform to different markers of identity. However, the analysis shows that the civic-ethnic dichotomy neglects a significant part of the story; that is, the salience of cultural markers of identity. It demonstrates that a cultural conception of national identity is related to both positive and negative opinions about immigration and diversity. Indeed, the evaluation mechanism inherent to this conception of national identity involves assessing whether immigrants and minorities adopt the national culture. Positive evaluations of cultural compliance are associated with positive opinions about immigration and diversity, while the opposite is true for negative evaluations. Finally, emphasizing that the evaluation mechanism does not occur in a vacuum, my study explores how evaluations are informed by traditional news media and alternative sources of information.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.002 | 0.004 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.008 | 0.005 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.004 | 0.001 |
| Open science | 0.001 | 0.002 |
| Research integrity | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.004 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".