Breast-feeding, infections and infant outcomes: an international perspective
Bibliographic record
Abstract
Most rural mothers from Puriscal, a typical transitional population in Costa Rica, breastfeed their infants; more than one half breast-feed beyond 6 months.This situation was brought about by commencement of rooming-in and promotion of breast-feeding in the maternity where most Puriscal infants are delivered.Before such interventions were implemented, most infants were not breast-fed or were nursed for a few months only.In addition, feeding pooled human colostrum and milk to "high-risk" neonates was followed by a marked decrease in incidence of early neonatal infections.Exclusive breast-feeding for at least the first month of life was associated with optimal infant growth, regardless of degree of maturity at birth.Breast-fed infants grew better than non-breast-fed infants.Periods of weight loss or growth arrest were relatively uncommon in Puriscal, and when occurred, they were associated to infectious diseases, and, to a lesser degree, child neglect, abuse or deficient home technology.These observations were contrasted with a previous study in the Indian village of Cauque, in Guatemala, where optimal child growth was observed in breast-fed infants during the first semester of life, despite marked socioeconomic deprivation.Beyond this period, however, growth faltering was considerably more common in Cauque rather than in Purisal as a result of a greater incidence of infectious diseases and poorer home technologies in Cauque.Infections resulted in diminished calorie intake, nutrient wastage, weight loss, growth arrest and premature death.These studies show that the control and prevention of malnutrition and premature death lies in great part in
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame distilled prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. Learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and 10,348 direct Gemma labels. Candidate is the union of thresholded teacher heads; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels or direct frontier model labels.
Codex and Gemma teacher scores by category
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.002 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one teacher head, not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".