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Record W7008771544

Competitive interactions between neural representations during binocular rivalry and attention

2017· dissertation· en· W7008771544 on OpenAlexaff

Bibliographic record

VenueeScholarship@McGill (McGill) · 2017
Typedissertation
Languageen
FieldNeuroscience
TopicVisual perception and processing mechanisms
Canadian institutionsMcGill University
Fundersnot available
KeywordsBinocular rivalryStimulus (psychology)Salience (neuroscience)RivalryPerceptionVisual perceptionCognitionSensory system
DOInot available

Abstract

fetched live from OpenAlex

The visual system possesses a limited amount of biological resources to cope with the multitude of input it receives.As such, the visual system has evolved mechanisms that select which sensory stimuli need to be prioritized for further processing.Stimuli compete for neural representation in either a bottom-up or top-down manner.Bottom-up implies that properties of stimuli determine what should be prioritized and often refers to stimuli saliency.Top-down, on the other hand, refers to cognitive processes that take into account internal states to appoint which stimuli are most relevant.One of the most widely investigated top-down processes is attention, the process of selecting and modulating behaviorally relevant information at the expense of irrelevant information.It remains to be settled whether attention enhances behaviorally relevant stimulus representations, suppresses behaviorally irrelevant stimulus representations, or a combination of both.This thesis aims to assess this ongoing debate, with particular focus on stimuli that are ecologically relevant (i.e., stimuli that signal something significant for survival).Initially, I investigated whether the brain automatically assigns priority of processing to certain stimuli that are ecologically more relevant using binocular rivalry.Binocular rivalry is the spontaneous alternation between two images presented monocularly.The duration over which one stimulus is observed is driven, in part, by its salience.Binocular rivalry was used in the first two chapters to assess whether bottom-up salience was influenced by ecological relevance.First, expanding motion stimuli-a marker of potential collision and optic flow-is perceived longer than other types of motion stimuli.Second, the Duchenne eye wrinkle-a subtle facial feature signifying an intense and sincere emotional expression-is perceived for significantly longer only when it can be holistically processed in conjunction with the remainder of facial features for either smiling or sad faces.Therefore, whether using motion or emotion, a stimulus' ecological relevance indeed impacts its salience, bottom-up competition, and, ultimately, perception.Additionally, I addressed whether enhancement or suppression, or even both, were critical for neural modulations during top-down attention when motion stimuli competitively interact.Across two experiments on non-human primates, single electrode data was collected from the motion visual area medial temporal (MT).I not only show that suppression was the chief contributor during attention, but I also demonstrate the time Abstract VI course of this exponentially decaying suppression.The contribution of suppression to attentional selection was greater in our model compared with previous models due to the use of a different neuron reference response when computing attentional modulations.Finally, I model MT neurons' suppressive mechanism and relate it to the monkey's improved performance during longer periods of maintained attention.Taken together, my results provide insight into a stimulus property that has traditionally been neglected in models of binocular rivalry dynamics-ecological relevance-as well as into the neural mechanisms of attentional selection.Importantly, many of the findings in this thesis support binocular rivalry as a potential, non-invasive diagnostic and behavioral tool-especially for clinical populations that suffer impaired suppression (e.g., autism) and therefore are overwhelmed by the plethora of visual input surrounding us.Résumé VII Résumé Le système visuel possède des ressources biologiques limitées afin de traiter l'ensemble des informations sensorielles qui lui parviennent.Conséquemment, le système visuel a développé un mécanisme qui priorise le traitement des stimuli comportementaux importants.Cette compétition entre les représentations neuronales des stimuli est établie soit d'une manière « top-down » ou « bottom-up ».La compétition bottom-up implique que les propriétés sensorielles des stimuli définissent leur priorité.En compétition topdown, des processus cognitifs de haut niveau déterminent quel stimulus devrait être priorisé.L'un des plus étudié processus top-down est celui de la sélection attentionnelle.Il reste à savoir si ce mécanisme de priorisation des stimuli visuels procède par l'amplification des représentations neuronales des stimuli comportementaux importants, par l'atténuation des stimuli non-importants, ou par une combinaison des deux.Cette thèse vise à répondre à ce débat actuel, avec un accent particulier sur les stimuli qui sont écologiquement valides (i.e.stimuli qui sont historiquement importants pour la survie et la reproduction d'une espèce).Premièrement, j'ai étudié si le cerveau assigne automatiquement priorité aux certaines stimuli qui sont écologiquement valides en utilisant la rivalité binoculaire.La rivalité binoculaire est l'alternation spontanée entre le percept conscient d'une de deux images présentées chacune à un seul œil.La durée pour laquelle un stimulus est perçu plutôt que l'autre est définie en partie par les propriétés saillantes de ce stimulus.La rivalité binoculaire a été utilisée dans les deux premiers chapitres de cette thèse afin de voir si la saillance bottom-up est influencée par la pertinence écologique des stimuli.D'abords, nous avons trouvé qu'un stimulus d'expansion visuel -un marqueur de collision potentiel -est perçu plus longtemps en rivalité binoculaire que d'autres stimuli de mouvement visuel.Ensuite, nous avons trouvé que le marqueur Duchenne -une subtile contraction des muscles para-oculaires signifiant l'honnêteté émotionnelle -est perçu plus longtemps seulement lorsque qu'il peut être perçu en conjonction avec le reste des traits faciaux pour des visages tristes ou heureux.En résumé, que ce soit en utilisant le mouvement ou bien les émotions, la pertinence écologique d'un stimulus impacte sa saillance visuelle, et conséquemment, sa priorisation en compétition bottom-up.En outre, j'ai investigué si l'amplification, l'atténuation, ou ces deux mécanismes étaient responsables de la compétition entre stimuli visuels dans un contexte top-down.En Résumé VIII utilisant l'électrophysiologie unicellulaire chez le singe macaque dans la région corticale temporale médiale (MT), j'ai démontré que l'atténuation est le contributeur majeur au mécanisme de sélection attentionnel et que le décours temporel de cette atténuation est exponentiel.J'attribue la plus grande atténuation découverte dans ces expériences à l'utilisation d'une différente mesure de référence neuronale afin de calculer les indices de modulation attentionnelle.En fin, j'ai modélisé le mécanisme suppressif des neurones de la région MT et mis en relation ce modèle avec la performance du singe macaque à la tâche attentionnelle.Pris ensemble, mes résultats suggèrent que la pertinence écologique des stimuli visuels devrait être prise en compte dans l'élaboration des modèles comportementaux de la rivalité binoculaire et qu'une différente mesure de référence neuronale devrait être prise en compte dans les calculassions des indices de modulation attentionnelle.D'un intérêt particulier, plusieurs résultats obtenus dans cette thèse suggèrent qu'une tâche de rivalité binoculaire pourrait être un outil clinique non-invasif afin d'évaluer les mécanismes de suppression attentionnelle chez des populations de patients éprouvant des difficultés à filtrer la multitude de stimuli de notre environnement visuel (ex., autisme).X quirky upbeat-ness and constant support.To Grace, my constant reminder of faith and my forever princess.To Gloria, my ever so bright sunshine.To Cherie, the spice in my life.To Crystal, my other half on the other side of the world.To Cameron, the unexpected happily ever after to the PhD chapter in my life and once upon a time of my next chapter-whatever it may be!Finally, and most fervently, I thank my family.Particularly, to my aunt Mary for always being a breath of fresh air no matter the circumstance.To my brother Jad, my hero, a shoulder to cry on, the person I care for most in this world.To my parents, to whom I dedicate this thesis: My father, the man I loved first, for teaching me the importance of education and for every sacrifice he made to support us from afar.My mother, the woman who taught me how to love, for being my rock, the line in the sand when I go to far, the encourager of every dream, the person who worries and cares most for me, and my most selfless guardian angel.To all of you, the words "thank you" do not convey the weight of how much you contributed to consoling the tears, to wiping the sweat, and to inspiring the putting together of this thesis.Buckets and buckets of love!God bless!

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How this classification was reachedexpand

Full frame machine prediction

Teacher imitation

Not calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.

metaresearch head score (Codex)0.000
metaresearch head score (Gemma)0.004
Version: metacan-v3-hybrid-931329e0061cValidation status: machine_predicted_unvalidated
Candidate categoriesnone
Consensus categoriesnone
DomainCandidate signal: none · Consensus signal: none
Study designCandidate signal: Bench or experimental · Consensus signal: Bench or experimental
GenreCandidate signal: Empirical · Consensus signal: Empirical
Teacher disagreement score0.003
Threshold uncertainty score0.008

Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)

CategoryCodexGemma
Metaresearch0.0000.004
Meta-epidemiology (narrow)0.0000.000
Meta-epidemiology (broad)0.0000.000
Bibliometrics0.0000.000
Science and technology studies0.0000.000
Scholarly communication0.0010.001
Open science0.0000.001
Research integrity0.0000.001
Insufficient payload (model declined to judge)0.0020.000

Machine scores (provisional)

The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.

Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.

Opus teacher head0.058
GPT teacher head0.341
Teacher spread0.283 · how far apart the two teachers sit on this one work
Validation statusscore_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from it

Classification

machine, unvalidated

Machine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.

The models applied no category: nothing in the taxonomy fit this work.
Study designBench or experimental
Domainnot available
GenreEmpirical

How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".

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Citations0
Published2017
Admission routes1
Has abstractyes

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