A comparative study on the effects of bfluorouracll on glycosaminoglycan synthesis during palate development in quail and hamster
Bibliographic record
Abstract
A comparative study was undertaken to \ninvestigate the effects of 5-fluorouracil (FU) on \nglycosaminoglycans (GAG) synthesis during morphogenesis \nof the secondary palate in birds (where, unlike \nmammals, palate morphogenesis begins in a horizontal \ndirection ad initpm and lacks mammalian-type shelf \nreorientation) and mammal. Previous studies have \nshown that FU induces cleft palate in both birds and \nmammals. Air sacs of quail eggs were injected with 100 \npg FU in 0.1 m1 saline or 0.1 m1 saline only. Hamsters \nwere given intramuscular injection of 81 mg/kg FU in 1 \nm1 saline or 1 ml saline only. Total GAG synthesis was \nmeasured by incorporation of 3~-glucosamineS. ulfated \nand non-sulfated GAGs were identified by Alcian Blue \nhistochemistry combined with the use of GAGdegrading \nenzymes. The results indicated that a \ncontinuous synthesis of GAG at a steady rate was \nassociated with normal palate morphogenesis in both \nquail and hamster. The amount of GAG synthesized in \nhamster palate was four-fold higher than in quail palate. \nIn contrast to the developing hamster palate where the \npredominant GAG was hyaluronate, the major GAGs \npresent during quail palate development were sulfated \nand were concentrated on the nasal side. FU treatment \ndid not affect the rate of GAG synthesis in \nthe developing palate of quail. In contrast, FU \nadministration altered the rates of GAG synthesis. and \naffected hyaluronate accumulation, during palate \nmorphogenesis in hamster. Following an analysis of data \nof the present study and those from literature, it was \nsuggested that, in contrast to the proposed role of \nhyaluronate in mammalian shelf reorientation, the \nsulfated GAGs may contribute to shelf volume and may \nbe associated with tissue differentiation in both hamster \nand quail. Also, critical differences in timings, rates, and \ntypes of macromolecular synthesis between quail and \nhamster may be related to the evolutionarily diverse \nmorphogenesis of palate seen in birds and mammals.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame distilled prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. Learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and 10,348 direct Gemma labels. Candidate is the union of thresholded teacher heads; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels or direct frontier model labels.
Codex and Gemma teacher scores by category
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one teacher head, not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".