First report of Echinococcus multilocularis in urban and rural coyotes (Canis latrans) from Alberta, Canada.
Bibliographic record
Abstract
Hunted and road-killed coyotes (n = 90) were collected in 2009/2010 from urban, peri-urban or rural sites within or adjacent to Calgary (n = 83) and Edmonton (n = 7). Full necropsy to determine cause of death and the prevalence of infectious or parasitic diseases was carried out. Parasitological investigation included collection in 70% ethanol of all gastrointestinal helminthes by separately washing and sieving the contents of the small and large intestine. Echinococcus sp. was found in 22 (24.4%) animals. Of these, 18 (21.7%) were from Calgary and 4 (57%) from Edmonton. Following initial light microscopic sampling, species identification was confirmed by multiplex PCR on adult parasites. Other parasites isolated and identified on morphology included: Toxascaris leonina, Uncinaria sternocephala, Toxocara canis, Ancylostoma caninum, Pterygodermatites sp., Taenia sp., and Alaria sp. \nE. multilocularis is a zoonotic agent, responsible of alveolar echinococcosis in humans. So far, very few parasitological analyses have been conducted on coyotes in Canada. A comparable survey carried out in southwestern Manitoba in 1978 found a prevalence of 23% in 43 coyotes. However, the only previously reported survey for helminthes in Alberta, dating from 1968, reported no Echinococcus species in 75 animals. This suggests that E. multilocularis may be expanding its geographical range in wild canids in western Canada. \nThe presence of this parasite within urban areas poses a potential transmission risk among coyotes, dogs and humans that warrants further investigation and development of a predictive approach to disease emergence, as well the implementation of preventive strategies.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.002 | 0.001 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.002 | 0.001 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.001 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".