Gastro-intestinal disease in Turner syndrome
Bibliographic record
Abstract
It has been known that females with Turner syndrome (TS) have an increased prevalence of autoantibodies and are at increased risk of developing autoimmune diseases. Immunological disturbances have been described in TS: a slight decrease in immunoglobulin serum levels and in circulating T and B cells percentages. This data is not entirely in concordance with some more recent studies. The effects of the immune derangement, found only by some studies, may account for the association of TS with autoimmune disease. In TS there is an increased risk of celiac disease (CD), though the risk is considerably smaller than that for thyroiditis. Some multicenter studies have been performed (Sweden, Canada, Poland, Italy and Germany) and the reported prevalence of CD is 4.2-6.4 % in TS versus 0.35-0.5 % in GP. Apparently the risk is very low before school age. TS subjects with CD do not show particular dysmorphic signs. Only half of the CD subjects had a typical clinical picture and this finding speaks in favour of screening rather than just investigate TS patients with symptoms. In 44% of patients with CD and TS various autoimmune disorders were found vs the 4.5%-14% of CD subjects of the GP. In the subjects whose CD diagnosis was made before 15 years of age the autoimmune pathologies were found in 32% and in 55% in the subjects diagnosed afterward. Conclusions - As a high risk population TS girls and women should be screened for CD - if positive have diagnosis confirmed - according to NASPGHAN guidelines, which represent the most uptodate guidelines. Measurement of tissue transglutaminase IgA antibodies should begin at age 6 and repeated every 2-5 years. In TS subjects, positive to antibody determination, intestinal endoscopic biopsy was recommended, because in a third of CD subjects vascular alterations in the intestinal mucosa were detected. The screening for CD could be proposed as soon as possible after the diagnosis of TS. CD screening should be performed before the beginning of GH-therapy: to avoid a bad response to treatment, to improve growth and optimize bone mineral density.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Research integrity | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.005 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".