The influence of descending inputs on breathing pattern formation in the isolated bBullfrog brainstem-spinal cord
Bibliographic record
Abstract
This study used in vitro brainstem-spinal cord preparations from the American bullfrog, Rana catesbeiana, to examine the influence of central descending inputs on breathing pattern formation. In preparations with an episodic pattern of fictive breathing, a transection slightly caudal to the optic chiasma produced a continuous breathing pattern and increased the overall frequency of fictive breathing. Following a transection to isolate the medulla, the frequency of fictive breathing decreased and the incidence of other forms of motor output increased. Further transections between the trigeminal and vagus nerve roots resulted in variable and asynchronous discharge from each nerve. These results suggest that a primary respiratory rhythm is produced within the medulla but descending influences stimulate breathing and promote episodic breathing. It would appear that multiple elements of the respiratory control system, including tegmental and medullary sites, play a role in shaping the burst pattern of motor output associated with each breath and that slower rhythms of longer burst duration are generated by more caudal hindbrain sites.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame distilled prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. Learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and 10,348 direct Gemma labels. Candidate is the union of thresholded teacher heads; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels or direct frontier model labels.
Codex and Gemma teacher scores by category
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one teacher head, not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".