From Housing Now to Housing When? Exploring the State’s Approach to Affordable Housing
Bibliographic record
Abstract
This paper offers an explanatory framework for the genesis, operation, and outcome of the City of Toronto’s Housing Now Initiative. To better understand the roles of the state and civil society within this policy initiative, this paper seeks to uncover theories that aid in an explanation of the development and implementation of the Housing Now Initiative and the roles of different institutions in the shared objective of creating more housing. The final outcome of this major research paper is an explanatory framework of the genesis and operation of Toronto’s Housing Now Initiative. \nThe Housing Now Initiative is an approach to leverage City of Toronto-owned land for the development of affordable housing within mixed-income, mixed-use, and transit-oriented communities. The Housing Now Initiative aims to address the need for affordable rental housing in Toronto, as indicated by the low residential vacancy rate, the significant number of people experiencing homelessness each night, and the increasing unaffordability of housing. Toronto is also expected to grow both economically and in population, further increasing the pressure to expand rental housing supply. Using state theory, the concept of hegemony, growth machine theory, and Social Reproduction Theory, this paper will suggest that the Housing Now Initiative represents a condensation of a relationship of forces between the dominant classes (i.e. real estate developers) and the dominated classes (i.e. those seeking affordable housing) as mediated and condensed by the state, particularly the City of Toronto. Furthermore, it will be suggested that the state upholds the hegemony of the dominant classes through a growth ideology with the goal of guaranteeing the reproduction of labour power to fill the gaps left by the contradictions inherent in capitalism. Such an analysis points to the codependent relationship between real estate developers and local governments and allows for further investigations into the efficacy of state-led initiatives to increase the affordable housing supply in Toronto.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.001 | 0.002 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.001 | 0.002 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.007 | 0.024 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.007 | 0.004 |
| Open science | 0.001 | 0.005 |
| Research integrity | 0.001 | 0.002 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.004 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".