International Student’s Mobility and Tourism: Relations, Opportunities, and Insights for Canadian University Cities
Bibliographic record
Abstract
The increase in student enrollment and mobility in Canadian universities every year generates a \ncontinuous flow of people that move, study, work, and live in university cities across the country. \nThe presence of international students contributes to the prosperity of Canada, positively impacting \nits socio-cultural and economic development. The multiplicity of needs and services related to this \nsegment of the urban population also makes their way through to the travel and hospitality sectors. \nIndeed, students visit and travel in the country, contributing to urban tourism and the local economy. \nIn addition, the uncertainty related to the post-pandemic period and the hybridization of academic \nactivities provided by several Canadian universities in response to the conditions created by the \npandemic, will continue to impact the use of space, places, and services and increase the level of the \ntemporary and flexible hospitality demands. \nThis study investigates the relations and the opportunities between the mobility of university students \nand urban tourism, with implications for partnerships between destinations and their higher education \ninstitutions, a topic rarely explored in the tourism field and its literature
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.002 | 0.002 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.004 | 0.009 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.027 | 0.009 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.014 | 0.004 |
| Open science | 0.002 | 0.008 |
| Research integrity | 0.001 | 0.002 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.009 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".