Medical Cartography in Southern Ontario, 1880–1920: A Records Perspective
Bibliographic record
Abstract
This article examines the context of the creation and use of medical cartographic records in late-19th- and early-20th-century Ontario and suggests that disease maps be recognized not just as records of medical practice or public health administration but additionally as records of data management practices and technologies of liberal government. Disease mapping occurred primarily in the context of municipal and provincial public health departments, which used wall-mounted cloth pin maps as data management tools. In contrast, printed disease maps were used in educational outreach work to encourage individual self-regulation and self-surveillance. Public health authorities sought to use disease maps as tools of governmentality to re-orient individuals and to encourage them to view themselves as members of a larger population that could be improved through changed individual conduct. By examining the origins and functions of disease maps in Ontario, this article contributes to our foundational knowledge of the history of records and record-making, particularly the longer history of data management practices and techniques. As a contribution to archival literature, it offers a deeper understanding of the public role of cartographic records in the recent past, specifically, of the role of such records in the development of liberal government in a settler colonial state. RÉSUMÉ Cet article explore le contexte de création et l’utilisation de documents cartographiques médicaux à la fin du XIXe et début du XXe siècle en Ontario et avance que les cartes des maladies pourraient être reconnues non seulement comme des documents liés à la pratique médicale ou à l’administration de la santé publique, mais également comme des documents sur la gestion des données et les technologies d’un gouvernement libéral. Les cartes des maladies étaient produites principalement dans les organismes de santé publique muni-cipaux ou provinciaux, lesquels utilisaient des cartes apposées à un mur et des punaises comme outil de gestion des données. À l’opposé, les cartes des maladies imprimées étaient utilisées comme outils de sensibilisation pour encourager l’autorégulation et l’autosurveillance des individus. Les autorités de santé publique ont cherché à utiliser les cartes comme instrument de gouvernementalité afin de réorienter les individus et les encourager à se percevoir eux-mêmes comme membre d’une population plus large pouvant être réformée grâce à des changements de comportement individuels. En explorant les origines et les fonctions des cartes des maladies en Ontario, cet article contribue à la connaissance fondamentale de l’histoire des documents et de la production documentaire, particulièrement la longue histoire des pratiques et techniques de gestion des données. En guise de contribution à la littérature archivistique, il offre une compréhension approfondie du rôle des documents cartographiques dans l’histoire récente, particulièrement du rôle de ce type de document dans le développement d’un gouvernement libéral comme état colonisateur et colonial.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.001 | 0.002 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.007 | 0.017 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.006 | 0.005 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.003 | 0.001 |
| Open science | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.009 | 0.001 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".