On the morphodynamic instability of water-ice interface in a brackish lake
Bibliographic record
Abstract
Periodic morphologies, such as ripples, can be found under ice cover in rivers and lakes, and in glacial meltwater streams (e.g. Ashton and Kennedy, 1972; Parker, 1975; Camporeale and Ridolfi, 2012). Stability analysis suggests that a plane ice surface in contact with water at a temperature slightly above freezing can become unstable, with the appearance of ripples (e.g. Thorsness and Hanratty, 1979).\nInvestigations of freshwater lakes (e.g. Stefan et al., 1998) suggest that in lakes that have an ice cover in the winter, temperature, and therefore density is stably stratified. In this condition, without any further driving mechanism, convective mixing due to unfavourable density stratification and, also, wind forcing are absent. In the case of brackish lakes, however, gradual freezing at the interface causes the formation of black ice, from which salt is excluded. As the ice cover thickens, a net downward flux of dissolved salt is generated in the below water at the interface. Both salt exclusion from the ice, as the ice cover thickens, and subsequent freshwater ice melt can modify the seasonal structure of a brackish lake. Pieters and Lawrence (2009) documented, through temperature and conductivity measurements along the water column, the effect of salt exclusion on seasonal circulation in Tailings Lake, a brackish lake located in the Northwest Territories, Canada. In particular, they showed that for Tailings Lake, during winter, the formation of significant black ice, and the resulting flux of salt beneath the ice, was sufficient to break down the stable temperature density stratification to the degree necessary to fully redistribute this salt throughout the water column.\nIn the present work, we study the morphodynamic instability of the water-ice interface. Results provide a mechanistic explanation for the field observations collected by Pieters and Lawrence (2009).
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.001 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".