Parental stress and its associated factors among parents of autism spectrum disorder children in Kota Kinabalu Sabah
Bibliographic record
Abstract
Background: Parenting an Autism Spectrum Disorder (ASD) children had been \nestablished to cause significant stress. Ascertaining its prevalence in local setting and \nidentifying the predictors for parental stress could be an important step in formulating a \npractical intervention to avert a more disruptive psychological outcome. \nObjectives: The objective of this study was to establish the prevalence of parental stress \namong parents of ASD children, examine the factors associated with parental stress, and \nexamine the association between ASD specific characteristic and parental stress. \nMethods: This was a cross-sectional study involving 103 parents with their ASD children \nattending the Child Intervention and Enrichment Centre (CIEC), Hospital Mesra Bukit \nPadang, Kota Kinabalu Sabah from August 2016 to October 2016. Parent’s whose child \nwas diagnosed with ASD according to Diagnostic and Statistical Manual for Mental \nDisorder, fifth edition (DSM-5) and fulfilled the selection criteria were included in to the \nstudy. Parental stress was evaluated by means of Parental Stress Index-Short Form (PSISF). \nASD children’s severity was rated using Childhood Autism Rating Scale (CARS). \nSociodemographic characteristic for parents and their children were recorded in \nParticipant’s Data Sheet. The prevalence of parental stress was established using the \nclinically significant cutoff score of PSI-SF (>90th percentile) while the association \nbetween sociodemographic characteristic, ASD severity, and ASD specific characteristic \nwith parental stress were analysed using Multiple Linear Regression.Results: The prevalence of parental stress among parents of ASD children in CIEC, Kota \nKinabalu was 39.8%. Factors associated with parental stress were mothers (B=16.82, \np<0.001) and ASD severity (B=1.62, p<0.001). The ASD specific characteristic \npredictors for parental stress in the study were ‘object use’ and ‘intellectual response’. \nConclusion: The prevalence of parental stress among ASD children’s parents in Kota \nKinabalu were relatively low. Mothers experience significant parental stress as compared \nto fathers and ASD severity had a significant association with parental stress. ASD \nchildren with deficit in ‘object use’ and ‘intellectual response’ would predict significant \nstress in their parents. Intervention targeting at modifying these variables could improve \nparental stress.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.002 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.002 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".