Prenatal and early childhood antibiotic exposure and the risk of neurodevelopmental disorders
Bibliographic record
Abstract
Background: Early life changes in microbiota composition as a result of antibiotic exposure potentially impair brain development and increase the risk of neurodevelopmental disorders. In this project, I examined the association of antibiotic exposure during the first year of life and prenatal antibiotic exposure with the risk of autism spectrum disorder (ASD) and attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD). Methods: A population-based cohort study was conducted which included children born in Manitoba, Canada between the fiscal years 1998 and 2016/2017 and utilized administrative databases in Manitoba. Exposure was defined as having filled one or more antibiotic prescriptions during the first year of life or pregnancy. The outcome was ASD or ADHD diagnosis identified in hospital abstracts, physician visits, drug dispensations or educational special needs funding data. Cox proportional hazards regression models were used to estimate the risk of ASD or ADHD in the entire population and a sibling cohort. The risk of ADHD was additionally estimated in a high dimensional propensity score (HDPS)-matched cohort. Results: In a cohort of 214 834 children, antibiotic use in the first year of life was associated with a small reduction in ASD risk (Hazard ratio [HR] 0.91, 95% CI 0.84-0.99) but this was not observed in the sibling cohort (HR 1.03, 95% CI 0.86-1.23). Prenatal antibiotic exposure was associated with a small increase in ASD risk in the overall cohort (HR 1.10, 95% CI 1.01-1.19) and in the sibling cohort (HR 1.08, 95% CI 0.90-1.30). In a cohort of 187 605 children, antibiotic exposure in the first year of life was not associated with ADHD risk in the HDPS-matched cohort (HR 1.02, 95% CI 0.97-1.08) and in the sibling cohort (HR 0.96, 95% CI 0.89-1.03). Prenatal antibiotic exposure was associated with increased ADHD risk in the HDPS-matched cohort (HR 1.22, 95% CI 1.17-1.27) but the risk was attenuated in the sibling cohort (HR 1.06, 95% CI 0.99 - 1.13). Conclusions: No association was observed between antibiotic exposure in the first year of life and ASD or ADHD risk. In addition, no clinically-significant association was observed between prenatal antibiotic exposure and ASD or ADHD risk.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.001 | 0.003 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.002 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".