Screening of cognitive dysfunction in outpatients with major depressive disorder and its associated factors in Hospital Selayang / Husni Zaim Ab Latiff
Bibliographic record
Abstract
Background: Major Depressive Disorder (MDD) is a significant mental health problem worldwide. Cognitive dysfunction (CD) is frequently observed both during acute episode and as residual symptom of MDD. It as a predominant symptom of MDD, contributing to impairment of social and occupational functioning. Objective: General objective of this study was to assess and describe CD amongst adult patients with MDD under psychiatric clinic follow up at Hospital Selayang. Specific objectives were to determine the prevalence of CD among MDD in study population, to compare the sociodemographic and clinical profiles, to determine the domains of cognition mostly affected and the factor(s) associated with CD among study population. Methodology: This was a cross-sectional study involving MDD patients attending psychiatric clinic in Hospital Selayang, who were recruited through systematic random sampling. Those who fulfilled the selection criteria and gave informed consent were selected. Sociodemographic data was obtained from the patients. Clinical data was obtained from clinical notes. Confirmation of MDD was done using Mini International Neuropsychiatric Interview (M.I.N.I 7.0). Screening for CD was done using Montreal Cognitive Assessment (MoCA). Descriptive analysis was performed, followed by univariate analysis and multiple logistic regression analysis. Results: Of the total 245 participants, 32.7% (n=80, 95% CI: 26.7, 38.6) patients with MDD had CD. From multiple logistic regression, presence of CD amongst MDD patient was significantly associated with secondary education level and lower (OR: 6.09; 95% CI: 2.82, 13.16; p<0.001), five or more depressive episodes (OR: 8.93; 95% CI: 3.24, 24.67; p<0.001), treatment non-compliance (OR: 3.48; 95% CI: 1.40, 6.59; p=0.003), and presence of medical comorbidity (OR: 2.74; 95% CI: 1.46, 5.18; p=0.002). Conclusion: CD is prevalent among patients with MDD in Hospital Selayang. Having low education level, five or more episodes of depression, treatment non-compliance, and medical comorbidity strongly associated to CD amongst MDD patients. Hence, clinician need to be cognisant of CD and its associated factors in the treatment of the MDD patients. Its routine assessment possibly warranted in clinical setting.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.001 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".