A study of an association between peripheral neuropathy and cognitive impairment in Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus patients
Bibliographic record
Abstract
Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus (DM) is a chronic disease with many complications. Among the well-known complications are nephropathy, neuropathy, and retinopathy. A complication which is rarely looked upon is cognitive impairment which is recently being highly associated with diabetes mellitus. There are a few recent publications which revealed that cognitive impairment and peripheral neuropathy could be brought about by a similar pathophysiology. A total of 279 diabetes mellitus patients were recruited from a diabetes clinic in Hospital Universiti Sains Malaysia from the 1st of July, 2018 until the 30th of September, 2019. Demographic, clinical and laboratory data were recorded from the patients’ file. Cognitive impairment was assessed by the Montreal Cognitive Assessment (MOCA) and peripheral neuropathy was assessed by Michigan Neuropathy Screening Instrument (MNSI). The association between peripheral neuropathy and cognitive impairment was analysed using simple and multiple logistic regression method. A total of 279 patients were included in this study. The mean age of the patients was 62.38 (SD 8.53) years old. The mean duration of diabetes mellitus was 9.59 (SD 5.53) years. Majority of them were females, n=206 (73.8%). All of them were married and 97.5% were Malays. 183 patients (65.6%) had peripheral neuropathy while 196 patients (70.3%) experienced cognitive impairment. There was a significant association between peripheral neuropathy and cognitive impairment (p<0.001). Half of the patients with peripheral neuropathy had concomitantcognitive impairment (n=141, 50.5%). There was also a significant association of gender in which females conferred 74% lower odds to experience cognitive impairment compared to males (p<0.001). For patients with hyperlipidaemia, there were 2.07 times odds to experience cognitive impairment as compared to patients without hyperlipidaemia (p=0.046). For patients with retinopathy, there were 2.14 times odds to experience cognitive impairment as compared to patients without retinopathy (p=0.008). There was a significant association between the development of cognitive impairment among diabetes mellitus patients with a peripheral neuropathy. Female gender was associated with lower risk of cognitive impairment as compared to male. DM patients with dyslipidaemia and diabetic retinopathy have a higher risk of developing cognitive impairment.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.001 | 0.005 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.001 | 0.002 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.002 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".